344                                           _______ 12.   C++

  C++,   ,  , -
          . -
,         :

class ABC {
public :

virtual void f() = 0;

};

void ABC::f() { cout  "  f"  endl; }

//    : x.ABC::f();

,     ,  .   ,
     ,   .

        C++, 
   (garbage collection).   
   (. Edelson, 1991, 1992, Boehm, 1988),    ,
          
  .    ,  
Smalltalk, CLOS  Eiffel,   .    
  ,       
.         ,
      .  
     .      -
,      ?

     ,  ,   -
,      .  , 
  ,    .   -
         , 
        ,   -
   . , ,   ,   
    . ,    
       .

       .  -
   .      , 
    .   ,   
      .   ,
       .

    .    -
 .       -
      .

        .  -
         -
    .      
.

C++      , -
  .     .   -
   ,     .    