       
() ,      
       
,     
,     .

   (Herbert A. Simon), The Machine As Mind

  ++-    () 
    .    
   ++- (,   -
,    ),      -
    .   ,  ,  -
    ++-     .

3.1.  

 (process)     () ,  -
 .  ,       -
 .      .  -
         .  
   ,      .
  ,  UNIX/Linux    
    .