  TCP/IP. http://www.cherepovets-city.ru/insecure

1.  
2.   TCP/IP
	2.1.   IP    
	2.2.     
	2.3.  
	2.4.   
	2.5.      
3.  Ethernet
	3.1.    
4.   ARP
	4.1.  ARP-   
	4.2.    
	4.3.      ARP
	4.4.    
5.    IP
	5.1.   
	5.2.   
	5.3.      IP
	5.4.  IP-
	5.5.   
	5.6.  
	5.7.       
	5.8.  
	5.9.  IP- 
	5.10.    
	5.11.    
	5.12.    
	5.13.    
6.   
	6.1.   
	6.2.   
	6.3.    
	6.4.   ARP  
7.   UDP
	7.1.  
	7.2.   
8.   TCP
9.    
	9.1.   TELNET
	9.2.   FTP
	9.3.   SMTP
	9.4.  r-
	9.5.  NFS
	9.6.   SNMP
	9.7.  X-Window
10.     TCP/IP	

                             1.  


       TCP/IP           
    Internet.    Internet  
    ,        
Ethernet   Token Ring,     NSFNET.   -
         .
  ,   .   
   TCP/IP    RFC (Requests For  Comments)
-    ,       
(Network Information Center - NIC).   1    
  RFC,     2      
  TCP/IP   1991 .

        ,      TCP/IP    
UNIX.         TCP/IP.

    ,      ,  
       TCP/IP: 
,     .

       2.   TCP/IP

      'TCP/IP'   ,     TCP
  IP.       ,   
  .       UDP, ARP, ICMP, TEL-
NET,  FTP     .  TCP/IP -    -
,    internet.   ,      
internet,  'internet'.       , -
     internet,    Internet.

2.1.   IP    

       TCP/IP      ,
             
 ,     .    
         
    .   ,   -
         (   
)            -
.     ,      
     .   ,    ,
      .

          ,   -
 ,  -     
(       ).     -
        ,  
 ,     ,   -;
        .     
 .

              
            IP.   
           ,
     .


2.2.     


         , 
    TCP/IP       internet,  
.1.     ,  ,  
,  -      .      
    Ethernet,     
    ;  'o'  -  .   '*' - 



                         ------------------------------
                         |          |
                         |  ... \ | / ... \ | / ...   |
                         |     -------   -------      |
                         |     | TCP |   | UDP |      |
                         |     -------   -------      |
                         |           \    /           |
                         |           ------           |
                         |  -------  | IP |           |
                         |  | ARP |  -*----           |
                         |  -------   |               |
                         |         \  |               |
                         |        --------            |
                         |        | ENET |            |
                         |        ---@----            |
                         |           |                |
                         ------------|-----------------
                                     |
                  -------------------o--------
                    Ethernet

        .1.       TCP/IP

IP-,  '@' -     Ethernet (Ethernet-).  
         
internet.          .

2.3.  
        ,        -
.

      -  ,    
.    -  ,   , -
        .     
  ,  ,    ,     
 ,      
 TCP/IP.

       ,   ,     ,  
     .   ,   
  ,  ;        
     IP,    IP-; 
 -   IP   UDP,   -  UDP-;    
  IP     TCP,  - TCP- (  -
); ,          
,         .

      , ,   .         
          .      
    RFC-1122,   1.3.3.

2.4.   

       ,    ,  -
  .1.      TCP (Transmission Con-
trol Protocol -   ),     
        TCP.      ,
  TCP,   FTP (File Transfer Protocol  -
      ).             
FTP/TCP/IP/ENET.     UDP (User Datagram Protocol
-    ),    -
    UDP.  , SNMP (Simple  Network  Management
Protocol  -      )  
 UDP.      : SNMP/UDP/IP/ENET.

      TCP, UDP   Ethernet   n x  1.
    ,        
.      1 x n.     -
,            
        (.2).


      Ethernet-      Ethernet,
        ARP (Address Resolution Protocol -
 ),    IP (Internet Protocol -  -
).    ,     Ethernet-,  -
     .


      IP-    IP,         
         TCP,  UDP,   
''   IP-.


      UDP-    UDP,     
  ''         ,
      .     TCP-
   TCP,    ,   
 ,      ''  -
 TCP-.

                  
  ,           
.          ,  
  ,  ,  -
.


         1  2  3 .... n     |           1  2  3 .... n      ^
          \ |  |     /      |            \ |  |     /       |
        -----------------        -------------------  
        |  |       |  |  
        -----------------   |         -------------------   |
               |            |                 ^             |
               v            V                 |             |
               1                              1

            .2.  n x 1   1 x n

             TCP    UDP,
         IP   -    -
.

       internet      
,            Ethernet,  
                IP-.
    .1        Ethernet.  
Ethernet-          -
 .

         IP-.      
        IP  .  IP- -
       Internet.

          IP-  Ethernet-.

2.5.      

              -
 .   .3       Eth-
ernet.  ,    2 Ethernet-  2 IP-.

        ,       
    IP    n x m  -
 m x n (.4).
                    ---------------------------------
                    |             |
                    |   ... \ | / .... \ | / ...    |
                    |      -------    -------       |
                    |      | TCP |    | UDP |       |
                    |      -------    -------       |
                    |            \    /             |
                    |            ------             |
                    |   -------  | IP |  -------    |
                    |   | ARP |  -*--*-  | ARP |    |
                    |   -------   |  |   -------    |
                    |        \    |  |    /         |
                    |      --------  --------       |
                    |      | ENET |  | ENET |       |
                    |      ---@----  ---@----       |
                    |         |         |           |
                    ----------|---------|------------
                              |         |
                              |      ---o---------------
                --------------o----          Ethernet 2
                Ethernet 1

          .3.   TCP/IP    


      1  2  3 .... n      |           1  2  3 ...... n      ^
       \ |  |     /       |            \ |  |       /       |
     -----------------          -------------------  
     |  |         |  |  
     -----------------    |          -------------------    |
       / |  | ... \       V            / |  | ..... \       |
      1  2  3      m                  1  2  3        m

         .4.  n x m   m x n


 ,          
      .   IP    ,  
 ,          .   
             
    .        
    IP-.  ,  -
,  . [1]

        .5,       
TCP  UDP.         TCP  UDP.

                                3.  Ethernet

            Ethernet.

      Ethernet   ,  ,   
  .        Ethernet - 6 .    
  Ethernet-.     ,  -


                         -------      -------
                         | TCP |      | UDP |
                         -------      -------
                               \      /
                              ----------
                              |        |
                              |   IP   |
                              |  ____  |
                              | /    \ |
                              ----------
                              /        \
                                
                           
                                 

         .5.      IP

____________________

     [1]         TCP/IP      (gateway)     IP-
 (IP-router)    .    -
     ''.
____________________

  ,      Ethernet-,    
Ethernet-   'FF:FF:FF:FF:FF:FF' ( 16- ), -
  '',     .

     Ethernet   / (     
      ).   / , 
     ,        
      ,     -
.       ,  -
    ,       ()
     .

3.1.    

            Ethernet    
       .    -
        
 .

             (  ).   
        (
),      ,      .   
    ,       (..    ).
 ,  - .          
,      ,    
( ).         
,         .    -
,   ,  ,   ,    
  .       ( 
Ethernet-).  ,    -    ,  
    ,   ,   , , '
,  , ... -- ...'  -    ,
   : ' ,  , ... -- ...' (-
 ).

                              4.   ARP

          ,    IP- -
  Ethernet-  .    IP-  Ethernet-
   ARP (Address Resolution Protocol -  
).         IP-,
        IP  Ethernet.

4.1.  ARP-   

           .   -
,    ARP-,        
  .        IP-    Ethernet-.
    IP-  Ethernet-,   
   IP-.           ARP-
.

            ---------------------------------------------
            |      IP-           Ethernet-    |
            ---------------------------------------------
            |     223.1.2.1          08:00:39:00:2F:C3  |
            |     223.1.2.3          08:00:5A:21:A7:22  |
            |     223.1.2.4          08:00:10:99:AC:54  |
            ---------------------------------------------
                    .1.  ARP-

        4- IP-     -
,  .    6- Ethernet- 
   16-    .

     ARP-  ,  IP-  Ethernet- -
  ,   -    
 .  IP-           
  internet.          internet, 
 IP-   .  Ethernet-    
          
 .          -
,     Ethernet-.

4.2.    

          ,    TELNET,  -
   ,    TCP.  
TCP        IP.   
    IP-,      
Ethernet.   IP-          ,
  TCP     IP.       Ethernet-
 .     Ethernet-  
ARP-.

4.3.      ARP

        ARP-?     -
 ARP,   .      ARP-
   IP-,   :

1)       ARP-.

2)    IP-   .

            .   
  Ethernet       Ethernet-  -
 ARP-  ARP.  ARP-   : '
  IP-   ,     Ethernet-'.
 ARP-   :


     -----------------------------------------------------------
     |   IP-               223.1.2.1           |
     |   Ethernet-         08:00:39:00:2F:C3   |
     -----------------------------------------------------------
     |    IP-                  223.1.2.2           |
     |    Ethernet-            &lt;&gt;             |
     -----------------------------------------------------------
                    .2.  ARP-



       ARP      IP-    
ARP- ,       IP-,  -
    Ethernet-  .  ARP- 
  :  ',   IP-,   -
Ethernet-'.    ARP-   :


     -----------------------------------------------------------
     |   IP-               223.1.2.2           |
     |   Ethernet-         08:00:28:00:38:A9   |
     -----------------------------------------------------------
     |    IP-                  223.1.2.1           |
     |    Ethernet-            08:00:39:00:2F:C3   |
     -----------------------------------------------------------
                    .3.  ARP-

         ,    ARP-.     
       Ethernet-   ARP- 
ARP.   ARP  ARP-          ARP-
.

         :


            ---------------------------------------------
            |      IP-           Ethernet-    |
            ---------------------------------------------
            |     223.1.2.1          08:00:39:00:2F:C3  |
            |     223.1.2.2          08:00:28:00:38:A9  |
            |     223.1.2.3          08:00:5A:21:A7:22  |
            |     223.1.2.4          08:00:10:99:AC:54  |
            ---------------------------------------------
             .4. ARP-   

4.4.    

        ARP-    ,    -
      ,   .    ,
   2  IP-      .     
    ARP-     IP-
  Ethernet-,    Ethernet-      .
     :

1)       ARP-.

2)    IP-   .

3)    ARP-,      IP-  
     Ethernet-.      ARP-.

4)     IP-  Ethernet-   IP-,  -
       ,  ARP-.

5)   Ethernet-    Ethernet.

      ,    ARP-     -
   ,  IP-   ,  -
         
 ARP,   IP-   .

            IP-,  ARP-   
     ARP-.   IP   IP-,
   .         -
    Ethernet      -
 IP-.

       IP  ARP      IP-    
,    ARP-.    IP-  -
,       TCP    -
,     UDP.      
   .         
,        ARP-.

      ,      ARP-  
   .

                         5.    IP

      IP      internet,    -
  IP    .   IP 
        IP-.  -
        .   
    .

         ,      ,
    .      -
    IP-.

5.1.   

      .6   IP-,   3 : A, B  C.
       TCP/IP   .1.  
      Ethernet-.    -
    IP-.



                                 A      B      C
                                 |      |      |
                   --------------o------o------o------
                    Ethernet 1
                    IP- 'development'

                         .6.  IP-

      A  IP- B,   IP-    
  IP-   A,   Ethernet-   
 Ethernet- A.   , IP-    
  IP-  B,  Ethernet-    -
 Ethernet- B.


        -----------------------------------------------------
        |                         |
        -----------------------------------------------------
        |   IP-                A            B      |
        |   Ethernet-          A            B      |
        -----------------------------------------------------
    .5.   Ethernet-,  IP-  A  B



           IP    ,  
        ,   Ethernet.  
 IP     ,   -
  IP-.         B  IP  IP- 
 A,   IP-         ,  
 ,      .

          A  B   -
.

5.2.   

      .7       internet.   
   internet     Ethernet,   -
   IP-,   D.   IP- 
  ;           IP-  Ethernet-
.

                             ----- D -------
           A     B     C     |     |       |     E     F     G
           |     |     |     |     |       |     |     |     |
       ----o-----o-----o-----o--   |     --o-----o-----o-----o---
        Ethernet 1                 |          Ethernet 2
        IP- 'development'      |          IP- 'accounting'
                                   |
                                   |    H     I     J
                                   |    |     |     |
                                 --o----o-----o-----o----------
                                             Ethernet 3
                                             IP- 'fuctory'

           .7.  internet,    IP-

       D     ,  -
   .1.   D     , , 
 IP-   Ethernet-.     D      
TCP/IP,    ,    .3,     ARP
  ,     ARP        Ethernet.
   ,   D     IP.

            Ethernet    ,
  IP-  .   .7 IP-  ,  
  .

       A  IP-  B,     
    .      , -
   IP-,   , 
  .

       D    A,       -
.    D    E,    -
.    D    H,     
.     ,       
 IP-.

     ,   A     ,    
  IP-,      .   A 
  D   IP-   IP-.   
  ''.

      IP-   IP   -
   TCP, UDP   .

       A   E IP-,   IP-    Ethernet-
        A.  IP-  
  E,    IP  A  IP-  D,
Ethernet-     D.


         ----------------------------------------------------
         |                        |
         ----------------------------------------------------
         |   IP-             A             E       |
         |   Ethernet-       A             D       |
         ----------------------------------------------------

    .6.   Ethernet-,  IP-  A  E
            (  D)



      IP   D  IP-     IP-  
.   ,        IP-,  D  
IP-   E.


         ----------------------------------------------------
         |                        |
         ----------------------------------------------------
         |   IP-             A             E       |
         |   Ethernet-       D             E       |
         ----------------------------------------------------

    .7.   Ethernet-,  IP-  A  E
            (  D)



     ,     IP-    Ethernet-  
      ,      IP-,    IP- 
Ethernet-      .   
  IP-  Ethernet-    .

         internet      .   
    ,      
     .       -
    Ethernet     ,  
    .

5.3.      IP

       ,      ,    
    .

       IP-,     ,
  IP       -    - 
  .        
   .

       IP-,    , 
IP    ,     IP-    
    .    IP ,  IP- -
  ,       ,
   IP-.

      IP-          
,     .

          ,  IP- 
 ,   ,     ARP-.

5.4.  IP-

        IP-     ,  
 IP-  .    4-  IP- -
  IP-.    IP-  -      (-
).      .1  IP- 223.1.2.1   
223.1.2,  - - 1.  ,   IP-    
   IP   ,    .

      5   IP-,        
      -.      
 .

      .8         
     IP-  .


                0              8         16          24        31
               ---------------------------------------------------
       A  |0|   |                         |
               ---------------------------------------------------
               ---------------------------------------------------
       B  |10|             |              |
               ---------------------------------------------------
               ---------------------------------------------------
       C  |110|                       |   |
               ---------------------------------------------------
               ---------------------------------------------------
       D  |1110|                              |
               ---------------------------------------------------
               ---------------------------------------------------
       E  |11110|                            |
               ---------------------------------------------------

                      .8.  IP-

       -------------------------------------------------------
       |              |
       |            -    -  |
       -------------------------------------------------------
       |   A       1 - 126           126          16777214   |
       |   B       128-191          16382           65534    |
       |   C       192-223         2097150           254     |
       |   D       224-239            -             2**28    |
       |   E       240-247            -             2**27    |
       -------------------------------------------------------

             .8.   


       A           
  .           .
  B      ,  ,  
   .    C    
  .    D     -
   ,    E   .

      IP-     -.


    ------------------------------
    |                     |   
    ------------------------------
    ------------------------------
    |    |       |   IP-
    ------------------------------
    ------------------------------
    |      |     |     () IP-
    ------------------------------
    ------------------------------
    |                  |      () IP-
    ------------------------------
    ------------------------------
    |    |    |      IP-
    ------------------------------
    ------------------------------
    | 127 | - ( 1) |  ''
    ------------------------------

                    .9.  IP-



        .9,   IP-     -
      ,   IP-,  IP-,  
 ,    .    
 IP-    IP-    .  
  IP-,     127.     
            
.       IP- 127.0.0.1,  -
      ''.        ,  
  ,    .    IP- -
   IP-,   127.

5.5.   

            TCP/IP,   
      .    (
   )  DDN  Network  Information  Center
(NIC) [2].            
.             , 
   .          -
  Internet,    ,  
    ,        Internet  
         .

        ,      
,        IP-  .
      .      
      .         
,     .

     ,          126,  
     C.      
     C      B.   
          -
.

5.6.  

        internet      -
    - '',      -
     TCP/IP.     IP-  -
     .   ,  -
   , ,   Ethernet.

     ,   .     -
             , , 
____________________
     [2]  SRI International, Room EJ210,  333  Ravenswood  Avenue,  Menlo
Park,    California    94025,    USA.    .   1-800-235-3155.   E-mail:
NIC@NIC.DDN.MIL
____________________

 C.       .  ,    
,       .   -
    ,        
  ,         
      IP-.     ,    IP-
     .   - 
 IP-          ,  -
     IP-.

             .     
     , ,   B.  
TCP/IP   IP-.   IP-   B  
        .      IP- 
  .  ,   ,    
    ,    -    .  
     ,  
IP-.            
  .             IP-
.   ,        
,   IP-   .  ,  -
    IP- ,    .     
 ,    ..

5.7.       

      ,        IP-,
    ,    .     .
  , , Ethernet   Token  Ring,  
      .      
      .   ,
,      Ethernet,   .  ,
    ,      ,    
       Ethernet.   ,  -
   IP-,   ,   
       -    .  (
    ,          .
       ,    
 .)  ,      
    ,  ,     -
    .

         ' '.      
            IP-.
 IP-,   IP-,       
  1,    ,    ,     
 0.     ,    TCP/IP    
,     .    IP-  B  
    .     256  -
,         254 .     
  255.255.255.0.  ,          
,            60 ,  
  255.255.255.192.     1024    
  62      .   (,    0  ' '
  .)

                 
  .   TCP/IP   -
    .

5.8.  

          ,   .  ,  
     alpha   IP- 223.1.2.1.    
    IP-      'hosts'  
  .   ,      .
              .
    'hosts'    :


                       223.1.2.1      alpha
                       223.1.2.2      beta
                       223.1.2.3      gamma
                       223.1.2.4      delta
                       223.1.3.2      epsilon
                       223.1.4.2      iota


   - IP-,   -  .

         'hosts'         
.   ,      delta       ,
    IP- (.11).   delta      
  IP-.       ,   .  
 delta  IP-   IP-  ,  
     IP-.

     IP-    .         IP-,  
 'networks'    :


                     223.1.2        development
                     223.1.3        accounting
                     223.1.4        factory


   -  ,   -  .

        alpha    1      development,
beta    2   development  ..

        hosts    ,
        internet      
.   ,  ,    ,    
delta:


                223.1.2.4      devnetrouter     delta
                223.1.3.1      accnetrouter
                223.1.4.1      facnetrouter



         hosts   IP-  delta  -
  .   ,    IP-      : 'dev-
netrouter'  'delta',      .       
'delta'      ,   
 -   .

      hosts  networks       
  .         inter-
net,    .

5.9.  IP- 

       IP ,      -
     IP-?   IP    
.      IP-,     IP-
  IP-.

                 .
         ,  
  , IP-      .
      IP    
IP-.

              
  'route'.        
,      IP-.

5.10.    

       ,          
 .


               -------------           -------------
               |   alpha   |           |    beta   |
               | 223.1.2.1 |           | 223.1.2.2 |
               |     1     |           |     1     |
               -------------           -------------
                     |                       |
               ------o-----------------------o-------
                    Ethernet 1
                    IP- 'development'
                             223.1.2
                   .10.   



         alpha  :


     ----------------------------------------------------------
     |                                   |
     |                                 |
     ----------------------------------------------------------
     | development              &lt;&gt;         1       |
     ----------------------------------------------------------
                 .9.   



            -
.

           ,      
   .


     ----------------------------------------------------------
     |                                   |
     |                                 |
     ----------------------------------------------------------
     | 223.1.2                  &lt;&gt;         1       |
     ----------------------------------------------------------
        .10.      



5.11.    

      alpha  IP-   beta.         
  IP    alpha,  IP-    IP- beta
(223.1.2.2).   IP           
IP-         .   -
    .

            ,   
            1.    ARP-
   IP-    Ethernet-
,    1 Ethernet-   beta.

                 IP-,
        development,   IP   
    .      IP -
  IP-.       
  '  '.

5.12.    

                IP-,
  .11.

         alpha  :


     ----------------------------------------------------------
     |                                   |
     |                                 |
     ----------------------------------------------------------
     | development              &lt;&gt;         1       |
     | accounting          devnetrouter      1       |
     | factory             devnetrouter      1       |
     ----------------------------------------------------------
            .11.     alpha



                             -------------
                             |   delta   |
      -------------          | 223.1.2.4 |         -------------
      |   alpha   |          | 223.1.4.1 |         |  epsilon  |
      | 223.1.2.1 |          | 223.1.3.1 |         | 223.1.3.2 |
      |     1     |          | 1   2   3 |         |     1     |
      -------------          -------------         -------------
            |                  |   |   |                 |
      ------o------------------o-  |  -o-----------------o---------
       Ethernet 1                  |      Ethernet 2
       IP- 'development'       |      IP- 'accounting'
                223.1.2            |               223.1.3
                                   |
                                   |    -------------
                                   |    |    iota   |
                                   |    | 223.1.4.2 |
                                   |    |     1     |
                                   |    -------------
                                   |          |
                                ---o----------o-------------------
                                       Ethernet 3
                                       IP- 'factory'
                                                223.1.4

               .11.    

    IP-  .


     ----------------------------------------------------------
     |                                   |
     |                                 |
     ----------------------------------------------------------
     | 223.1.2                  &lt;&gt;         1       |
     | 223.1.3              223.1.2.4        1       |
     | 223.1.4              223.1.2.4        1       |
     ----------------------------------------------------------
        .12.     alpha ( )



  ''    alpha  IP-  
  delta   development.

5.13.    

      alpha  IP-  epsilon.       
  IP    alpha,  IP-    IP- 
epsilon (223.1.3.2).    IP          IP-
(223.1.3)          .  -
    .

           ,     -
   devnetrouter.   IP   alpha  
 ARP-,     Ethernet-, -
  IP-  devnetrouter.   IP-,  IP- 
 epsilon,    1  devnetrouter.

     IP-      delta    
  IP.     IP-   , ,   
     IP- delta,   -
 IP-.

      IP   delta        IP-  
  IP-  (223.1.3)       
.      delta  :


     ----------------------------------------------------------
     |                                   |
     |                                 |
     ----------------------------------------------------------
     | development              &lt;&gt;         1       |
     | accounting               &lt;&gt;         3       |
     | factory                  &lt;&gt;         2       |
     ----------------------------------------------------------
            .13.     delta



    IP-  .


     ----------------------------------------------------------
     |                                   |
     |                                 |
     ----------------------------------------------------------
     | 223.1.2                  &lt;&gt;         1       |
     | 223.1.3                  &lt;&gt;         3       |
     | 223.1.4                  &lt;&gt;         2       |
     ----------------------------------------------------------
        .14.     delta ( )



    .    IP  -
 IP-  epsilon    3.    IP- 
Ethernet-    epsilon.

      epsilon  IP-,    IP   IP-
 .    IP- epsilon,  -
    IP-          
.

                           6.   

          ,      
   IP-.        -
 ?       ,   -
   .

6.1.   

            -
       .    
    IP-,  ,    -
   .

             -
.  , UNIX    IP-,    -
 .      

          ifconfig  ie0  128.6.4.4   netmask  255.255.255.0
          ifconfig  ie1  128.6.5.35  netmask  255.255.255.0


 ,     ,   
IP-.              
:

     ----------------------------------------------------------
     |                               |
     |                                           |
     ----------------------------------------------------------
     |  128.6.4                 &lt;&gt;        ie0      |
     |  128.6.5                 &lt;&gt;        ie1      |
     ----------------------------------------------------------
            .15.   


  ,  IP-       128.6.4  
128.6.5     .

          ,    
  IP-.  ,

                route  add  128.6.2.0  128.6.4.1   1
                route  add  128.6.6.0  128.6.5.35  0


  ,        
.         IP- ,  
 ,           IP-
,      .   ,  
''   IP-.         -
       IP-.    
1         IP-.     
0  ,      -    -
    IP-.

      , ,   ,     ,  
      IP-  128.6.2    128.6.4.1, 
IP- 128.6.6 -          ,
   128.6.5.35.

      ---------------------------------------------------------
      |                              |
      |                                          |
      ---------------------------------------------------------
      |  128.6.2             128.6.4.1       ie0     |
      |  128.6.6                 &lt;&gt;        ie1     |
      ---------------------------------------------------------
           .16. ,    


         ,       
,  IP-       -
 .       IP- ,  
     IP-   -
  .

       IP-    ,  ,     -
,  -         , 
     .          
    .  (,    
.)

        IP-,    .

6.2.   

               
       .     
   .    ,   - -
    IP-      .  ,
  -       
   ,  -      IP-
       .

             
,          -
   .         
.    (    UNIX        'route  add  default
128.6.4.27 1',  128.6.4.27  IP- .)     -
  ,    IP-      -
,     .  ,      IP-  
  ,        .   , 
           ,  
     ,    ?    
,       ''    
,        IP-,      
 .  ''     -
  ICMP (Internet Control Message Protocol -  -
  ).       -
,     : '   IP- XXXX
  YYYY,   '.     TCP/IP  
        
.  ,         
:

      --------------------------------------------------------
      |                            |
      |                               |
      --------------------------------------------------------
      |  127.0.0                  &lt;&gt;       lo0    |
      |  128.6.4                  &lt;&gt;       pe0    |
      |  default              128.6.4.27     pe0    |
      --------------------------------------------------------
             .17.     


       IP-  128.6.4      
,      128.6.4.27.  ,   
128.6.4.30,       IP- 128.6.7.  
  ?   ,      IP-  IP-
 128.6.7.23.   IP-     ,   
      ,   .   
128.6.4.27 ,    ,      
128.6.4.30.  (    ,    .  -
      .)    
  128.6.4.27   ,  , 
IP-   128.6.7.23        128.6.4.30.
  IP  -      -
:

      --------------------------------------------------------
      |                            |
      |                               |
      --------------------------------------------------------
      |  128.6.7.23           128.6.4.30     pe0    |
      --------------------------------------------------------
             .18.     


  IP-   128.6.7.23      
 .

                    IP-
,     .   ,    -
?             
,   -  .  ,     
  ,          .
      , 
    .     
      '' .   TCP
  ,        
.    ,      ''
     .       -
       .     
   ,             ,
     .

6.3.    

     ,            
  .   -     
  ,     .      
          internet    -
     .       
,      .     
    .       ,  
       ,   -
       .       
      ,   
   .       -
      internet  ,    
.        
IP-   .

       ,             
''          .  
  ,        -
.       ,   -
        .   -
     .      
   .

            
.            
 -,        ,    
      .    ,  
   ,        
  .         
 .  ,     -
            30
.  ,     ,   -
       .     
,         ,  
   .   ,   -
,      .      
,       .   
  ,        -
,    .     ,   -
               
.          .   ,
 ,   ,    -
    .

6.4.   ARP  

      ARP     ,  -
          .  
     ,      
IP-        ARP   .
    ,      Ethernet.

       ,   ARP  , -
         .
  ARP         ,  
    Ethernet.   ARP   
     IP-      ,  
      ,     -  .  
        .

       ,    ,   
         Ethernet.
  UNIX    'route  add  default  128.6.4.2  0',  
128.6.4.2  - IP-  .    ,  0 
 ,   IP-,    ,    -
    .

        IP-       Ethernet,  
      Ethernet-    .      
 ARP-.    ARP-   , -
 IP-  ,      Ethernet-,
 ,  IP-, .        ,  
   ARP-.     IP- -
     ARP-    Ethernet-.   
    ARP,  .

      ARP     ,    
    .   ,   128.6.5 
 128.6.5.2 ( A   .12).         IP-  
128.6.4.194,        Ethernet ( B  
128.6.4).     IP- 128.6.5.1,     -
 ( R).


                   1                      2

                  128.6.5                    128.6.4
        ----o----------------o---    --o---------------o--------
            |                |         |               |
        -------------       -------------       ---------------
        | 128.6.5.2 |       | 128.6.5.1 |       | 128.6.4.194 |
        |     A     |       | 128.6.4.1 |       |      B      |
        -------------       |     R     |       ---------------
                            -------------
        .12. ,   ARP  

  ARP-  A      B,   A  -
 ARP-  B.    A : ' -
 Ethernet-  128.6.4.194,     '.     B  
    .       Eth-
ernet        ARP-.       R  
    .   R : ' , IP- 128.6.4.194
 Ethernet- 2:7:1:0:EB:CD',  2:7:1:0:EB:CD  -
  Ethernet- .    ,  
128.6.4.194          Ethernet,
   A,   Ethernet- 2:7:1:0:EB:CD.    A 
  IP-  B,       Ethernet-.
,  IP-,    R,      -
.

     ,     ,      -
  

      --------------------------------------------------------
      |                            |
      |                               |
      --------------------------------------------------------
      |  128.6.4.194          128.6.5.1      pe0    |
      --------------------------------------------------------


  ,        ARP,
   IP.

         ,     -
    TCP/IP      
 .      ARP      
.       :

1)    IP-  ,      ;

2)    IP-  ,      -
        ;

3)     -     ;

4)            
     .

       ARP    - .   
  ,          .
   IP-      ,
     'route add defailt ...',    UNIX.
  IP-             
.           ARP    , .. 
       0,    
IP-         ,  
 ARP        IP-  -
.       ARP-.

      ,          
  ,   TCP/IP   ARP
      ,     
   .

                              7.   UDP

      UDP (User Datagram  Protocol  -    
)           , 
  IP.      -
 ,      ,  -
 IP.   UDP        
          .     IP- 
  ,   ,  '',    -
        ,  
 - ' ' -    .

       ,  UDP,   NFS  (Net-
work  File  System  -      )  SNMP (Simple Network
Management Protocol -    ).

7.1.  

           UDP  -
    UDP-.        .  
,          
(),     ,   
 .         .
  -.

     ,  SNMP         
161.     SNMP   ,     UDP-
 161  ,   .       
    SNMP,       UDP- 161.  
   ,    , -
    SNMP.     -
 Internet.

     ,       UDP,  -
           .   ,    -
  5   UDP-,  - 
   5 .       -
    .   UDP    
,     .     
          .

7.2.   

       UDP        IP,    
  ,     .    
 ,   ,        -
,  , ,   .     UDP -
     Ethernet,     -
   ,    Ethernet  -
     .     -
 ,    UDP.     -
  ,     -  -
       ,    
   .

         (  ),    
  ,      .     
  ,     ,    
,          .    
 .        ,    
      ,     
     UDP.

                              8.   TCP

      TCP      ,    
  UDP.        -
,        -
    .

      TCP    ,      
  .       
          .
      ,  TCP, 
FTP (File Transfer Protocol -   )  TELNET.   
, TCP   X-Window, rcp (remote copy -  -
)   'r-'.    TCP     -
.     TCP      
   .         TCP
    UDP.

          TCP  .   
       .  ,
 TELNET    23.     TELNET    
    ,         TCP- 23  
.

          TCP,   TCP 
    TCP     .   
  TCP          ,
    .         
    TCP.     ;  
        .   
    TCP-,    ,    -
      TCP-.

      TCP     ;     
  .  ,      5 
 TCP-,            
    10   ,    .   
      ,      
.           
              
 .

      TCP ,        -
    .       
   .       
   ,     -
 .   ,      
    ,    .
 ,      ,  
 .   ,      -
   .    TCP-    -
,      ,    , 
   ,        .
            
    ,        
.

                      9.    

          TCP  UDP,    
?     ,       -
.             .
,    ,    ,   
  .       ,  
   TCP.      ,   
 UDP.           
   ,      TCP.   
      ,    
    UDP.           
,      .     
         .  ,
   UDP,    ,   
    .     TCP,    -
 ,            
 ,     .

             TCP/IP?

                .
        internet.  -
, TELNET  FTP.    : X-Window, SNMP.

            
.         -
    ,       
      .       
   .

9.1.   TELNET

      TELNET         
        '    '
 ,    ASCII,    
        (,   
-,  ,         ..)  TELNET
       TCP.      TELNET -
      (   -
),          ,   -
   .

       TELNET      .   
   - 
                              telnet delta

         delta.

      TELNET   .       
.         -
 .   ,  - , ,  
  VAX/VMS,  -   UNIX System V.

9.2.   FTP

      FTP (File Transfer Protocol  -      )
       TELNET.      
  TCP/IP.    TELNET     -
   TCP.       -
 ,     .  
FTP        ,    
  ,       ,    
    .

	
      SMTP (Simple Mail  Transfer  Protocol  -    
 )    ( ) 
   internet.     -
      ,  SMTP -
    .      
,     TCP/IP.   SMTP -
       ,   -
            .  
 SMTP      -
.

9.4.  r-

        'r-' ( remote -  ),  
    UNIX.       UNIX,
      .  ,  rcp
   cp      
.       delta  

                            rcp file.c delta:

   'cc file.c'     delta    
 rsh:

                           rsh delta cc file.c

        rlogin:

                              rlogin delta

      r-     ,  
      UNIX.           MS-DOS.
        
      .

9.5.  NFS

        NFS (Network File System)   -
    Sun  Microsystems  Inc.  NFS  
 UDP           -
      UNIX.       
 - , -    .

     NFS     .     -
    ,   NFS  .  ,  -
    NFS   ,    
  .      NFS 
  ,        
    ,       NFS-,
     .

9.6.   SNMP

      SNMP (Simple Network Management Protocol -  
  )     UDP    
  .      -
           internet.   
 ,        -
    .

9.7.  X-Window

      X-Window   X-Window,     
  TCP,           
  .  X-Window -   ,   -
     ;    - -
.

              10.     TCP/IP

                
 TCP/IP.

        FTP  TELNET  SMTP  TFTP  DNS     
            |      |     |      |    |         |         |
                   --------------      --------------------------
                          |                             |
             TCP      GGP  HMP  EGP        UDP
                   |        |    |    |          |
                          -------------------------------
                                        |
                           IP/ICMP
                                 |
                      --------------------------------------
                      |            |          |            |
                ARPANET     SATNET      
                                             

      .13.     TCP/IP




				:  

         ,  ,    ,     
  ,        
TCP/IP.

    ,      ,  ;        
      IP,    IP-;

    Ethernet-      Ethernet,
        ARP (Address Resolution Protocol -
 ),    IP (Internet Protocol -  -
).  ,     Ethernet-,  -
     .

         IP-.      
        IP  .

        ,       
    IP    n x m  -
 m x n (.4).

           IP-.  , 
 ,  . [1]

      ,      ARP-  
   .

                 .
         ,  
  , IP-      .

       IP ,      -
     IP-? 





 D     , , 
 IP-   Ethernet-.   
   ,   D     IP.

         Ethernet    
 ,       .

       ,  
 IP-.            
  .             IP-
.   ,        
,   IP-   .

                 
  .

   hosts  networks       
  .         inter-
net,    .

 .   UDP     ,     
.            
    .

      TCP     ;     
  .  ,      5 
 TCP-,            
    10   ,    .   
      ,      
.           
              
 .

   TCP,    -
 ,            
 ,     .

