   321

   .     -
  .           S 
  ,       8. 
  ?

.				
		k 0		/ 
^	---------------^		^^\,	
^		S		
\				
		=^		

 



,

. 12.1.       APT

-,     S     ,
     . -,      S
    ,    S  
     ,   . 
,       ,
       ,   
  S 9.          -
 , ,        , 
,     ,     
   APT 10.

12.2.2      APT

     ^     (12.7)?
   ,       -
 . ,      .   (12.7)
,  ^.=    ,  &,= 0.    
 ,  ~.= , , , An = /,.    (12.7) ,

 ,	, :	; ~-	=/+^,.	(12.9)