 81.2 -923
48



        
48       ..-.:
    , 1992.134 .

          -
       . 
     . 
      . _

      ,     -
      
    .  ,
  ,   
   .

         , 
     ,    -
        
.      .

 Leonid Kossman, 1986
ISBN-5-7105-0027-5                          , 1992



 										5


					

          -
       .   
       
 ,        
 -,     
.

        ,   ,
     , -
       -
.  ,    -
   -,  .

   ,    
     , 
  .     -
,  ,   .   
   ,    
     .

          -
   ,   
        .

        
 .      -
     .   -
   (   
 ;  ,  -
; , , );  ; -
   ; ; -
; ;   ;  
 ;    .

           -
.        
     , 
    ,  -
(   to be;  ; -
, ,   .).


6                                              


     ,     -
    -
     .  -
,   ,  -
     .

         -
 .

         , -
      .  
      .

 


                                                                 7




					

         -
 .        -
.     .



				 

     ,    -
  ,      -
 ( )     .

        (   h), 
an       h.

   :

a table                          an apple
a dictionary                      an orange
a horse                          an hour

         .

   :

I am a teacher.                   .
We are teachers.                  .



				 

     the    ,  -
  ,       
.       ,
       .

        ,   
 .


8                                              


   :

The book that I am reading is on the  ,   , 
table,                              .

The books that I am reading are on  ,   , 
the table,                          .

   :

She is a secretary.                   ( 
					).

She is the new secretary.             ("
					"   -
					:  
					).

        -
  .

   :

The price of gold Is rising.             .
Caviar is a delicious appetizer.         .
Jealousy can cause tragedies.           .

    ,     
       -
  ,     .

   :

The gold of this ring is very old.        -
.

The honesty of our bookkeeper is    
above question,                      .

     :  ,  , -
, ,       -
.

   :

Henry lives in New York on the     -  -
corner of Broadway and 72nd     72- .
Street.

The Secretary of State will go to     -
London and Paris next week.             .


                                                                9


      , ,     -
   ,    
.

   :

Helsinki is the capital of Finland.      .

The Helsinki agreement was signed    
on September 1, 1975.               1  1975 .

Broadway is famous for its theaters.     -
.

The Broadway season has just   CCWH  
started,                           .

         
,      .

   :

the United States of America         

the Soviet Union                   

the United Kingdom                

the People's Republic of China        -
						

         ,  
      :

the Netherlands            
the Ukraine               
the Congo                
the Hague                

    , , ,  ( )     
      .

   :

the Amazon River       
the Mississippi River     
the Volga River         
the Himalayas          
the Pamir             
the Urals                ()
the Atlantic Ocean        
the Pacific Ocean         


10                                             


the North Sea            
the Red Sea             
the Caribbean Sea        
the Bahamas             
the Aleutian Islands      

     ,     
   .

   :

John's house                        
 friend's office                    

     ,    -
  .

   :

my apartment                      
his book                           
her cat                            
our house                          

    

1. There is  a good  Italian          
restaurant nearly,                  .

2. I would like to have a cup of       
coffe.                              .

3. Jane is an editor.                 .

4. Jack is the editor of the      -
university paper,                     .

5. There is a magazine on the table.     () .

6. Did you find the magazine you    ,  
were looking for?                 ?

7. Last night I saw a new movie.      
How did you like the movie?        .       
					?

8.  is going to buy a new car.    ( /
					 .

9.  is going to insure the car.    
					.

10. I am reading an interesting      .
hook.


 							11


11. The book that I am reading is ,   , (-
 the table, 				)  .

12. The sun was shining.  .

13. Linda is the daughter of a well-     -
known lawyer, 					.

14. The Cherry Orchard is a play by " "   
Anton Chekhov. 				.

15. Because of the bad weather on -    
Friday, we could not go to 		     -
Cleveland. 				.

16. The Smiths have bought a new    .
house.

17. You are right. The food here  .   
could be better, 			  .

18. They offered us food and drink.      -
					 .

19. They went to the Alps every      -
summer. 				 .

20. I am going to Boston tonight.      -
					 .

21. Have I shown you the wrist     , -
watch I bought in Switzerland?     ?

22. Could you deliver the wine to      -
my house? 				   ?

23. Milk is wholesome.    .

24. The price of gold is falling.    .

25. Gold is a precious metal.    .

26. He graduated from Columbia    -
University. 			.

27. The Columbia University   -
campus is located on the West   
Side.  			 .

28. London is an old city.    .

29. There are many museums in    .
London.

30. Have you ever visited the  -   -
British Museum? 		 ?

31. There is always hope.   .


12 									  


32. Last night I heard Rigoletto 	    
and enjoyed the music. "", 	  
					  .

33. I like music very much.    .

34. I met Nancy's sister.    .

35. There are many good 		    -
restaurants in Greenwich Village, 	 .

36. Let us take a Broadway bus.    .

37. I am waiting for the Broadway    .
bus.

38. Mexico is rich in oil.   .

39. Paris is the capital of France.    .

40. The largest river in the USA is   
the Mississippi River,			   .

41. Pete usually goes to see the     

dentist once a year.    .

42. Last Sunday we went to a jazz     no-
concert.Did you like the concert?    .
					  ?

43. Do you have a telephone?    ?

44. The telephone rings very often.    -
					  .

45. My wife is at the doctor's.    .

46. The scholar was awarded the    -

Nobel Prize,  .

47. Jack is a good worker.    .


                                                     13




				 


				 


             -
        -
,        
     .

     of, to, with, by   -
  : on, to -, by,
with  .

   :

An employee of the company.        .

Give this book to Mr. Smith.           - .

I go to work by bus.                   .

I write with a pen.                   .

          : -
  (Common Case)    (Possessive Case).
       .
      -
.      -
   ,    .  -
        
(, ,   .).

         -
     -'s.

:

 wife's dress                      
John's letter                         
his friend's hope                      
the student's answer                
a week's delay                       
the school's situation                 
the program's success               
Vonnegut's novels                  


14                                             


     ,   
  -s,      .

   :

lawyers' offices                     
girls' shoes                         () 
the students' answers               
 friends' letters                   
the voters' reaction                  

     ,    -
   -s {women, men. children etc.), 
 's (   ).

   :

the children's room                  ( -
					)

women's rights                    
men's labor                       

      ,     -
  .



				 
					


    ,     
    -s (. . s   -
    ).

   :

chairchairs; dogdogs: monthmonths; coatcoats: book
books: traintrains: apartmentapartments: answeranswers.

          -s, -ss,
-, -sh, -ch, -tch.      
  -es.

:

busbuses: dressdresses: boxboxes: wishwishes; church
churches: match  matches.

   ,     
 -,   ,    


                                                   15


 :     i;   -
 -es.

   :

   story  stories; city  cities; lady  ladies; army  armies; secre-
tarysecretaries', comedycomedies; tragedytragedies.

       ,   -
      .

   :

   daydays;  boyboys;  toytoys;  keykeys; playplays;

   journey  jorneys; valley ()  valleys.

    ,      -f, -fe,
        -
: f  fe   -ves.

:

knife  knives; leaf ()  leaves; half  halves; life  lives;

shelf ().shelves; thief ()  thieves; wifewives; wolf
wolves.

       ,     f
   ,   i.    
 ( ) .

         -,  -
      :

   1)  -es    ,  
  .

   :

   hero  heroes; echo  echoes', tomato  tomatoes; potato  potatoes',
veto  vetoes; manifesto  manifestoes: tornado  tornadoes.

      : pianopianos; cello
cellos; solo  solos; photo  photos.

   2)        , 
       -s.

   :

   portfolio  portfolios; radio  radios: studio  studios.

     ,     


16								  


,          
: -s, -es.

   :

domino  dominos, dominoes; flamingo  flamingos, flamingoes;

mango  mangos, mangoes; volcano  volcanos, volcanoes; zero  zeros.
zeroes.

       -
    .   : man
men; woman  women; child children; foot  feet; tooth  teeth; goose
()  geese; louse ()  lice; mouse  mice.

    ,     ,  
  "" '    
      . 
   : analysis  analyses; bac-
terium  basteria; basis  bases; crisis  crises; datum  data ();

ellipsis  elipses; hypothesis  hypotheses; phenomenon () 
phenomena; stimulus  stimuli; synthesis  syntheses; thesis  theses.


  									17




				 


       ,    -
  ,   ,   .

   :

a good actor   ; a good actress   ;

a large tree   ; large trees   .

  :

Doctor Bell is very old.               .
 has a young wife.                 .
Jack is tall.                         .
Ann is short.                        .
Mr. Cooper is thin.                  .
Mrs. Cooper is fat.                   .
 is a handsome man.              .
Irene is a beautiful woman.            .
The new Polish movie is very      un-
interesting.                        .

        
(degrees). ,     , :  
(positive),   (comparative)   
(superlative).      -
   .

         
  -.

   :

young  younger; old  older.

         
,         -
  -.

   :

fine  finer.

       ,    -
,     i (  -r).


18                                             


  :

pretty  pr fttier: happy  happier: dirty  dirtier.

         -
  more ()     .
       
     more.

  :

beautiful  more beautiful: difficult  more difficult: prudent (-
)  more prudent.

       (  -
)  "".  , , :

good  belter; bad  worse.

:

New York is larger than Paris.      - ,  .

John is younger than George.        ,  .

Doctor Bell is older than his wife.     ,  
					.

A plane is faster than a train.         .

 is stronger than his brother.    .

Ann is prettier than Mary.           ,  .

This lesson is easier than the pre-      -
vious one.               ""        .

This   book  is   cheaper   (less     .
expensive) than that one.

Jane is more intelligent than her      .
brother.

Your neighbourhood is better than      .
mine.

Gregory's composition is worse    , 
than Michael's,                      .

        
    -est   
.    ,     
 ,       
 .      -
      
-est    .


                                                     19


   :

tall  the tallest; stroll  the strongest: big  the biggest; pretty 
the prettiest.

       , 
    -st.

   :

fine  the finest; late  the latest.

       ,     i ( -
  est).

   :

busy  the busiest; happy  the happiest; pretty  the prettiest.

       , 
     ,    -
 (    )  .

   :

thin  thinner  the thinnest; hot  hotter  the hottest.

         
  most,     -
.       -
    .

   :

beautiful  the   most  beautiful;   difficult  the   most   difficult:

important  the most important; prudent  the most prudent.

      ,   
    "", . .   -
.  , , : goodbetterthe best: had
worse  the worst.

   :

Ann is the tallest girl in the class.      
.

Richard is the laziest student in the      
whole school,                        .

Jack is the youngest member of the    ()  
family,                           .


20   


This is the prettiest dress in the     
store, 					.

January is the coldest month of the   
year. 					.

Glenn is the most intelligent     ,
person I know. 			  .

Jack Anderson is I he most 	    -
energetic businessman in our 	   .
neighborhood.

Jane was the most attractive girl at    -
that party,    .

This is the most boring play I have     , -
ever seen. 				  - .

This chair is the most comfortable     
one in the house, 			()  .

This exercise is the most difficult     -
 in the textbook, 			   .

Laziness is the worst of his faults.   ()    -
						 .


                                               21




			 
			   

				 IT

    it       -
:

1)  .

     it    
         -
    .  it
  ,    ,
, ,    .  ,  it 
  ,       -
  (, , ).

   :

a) Where is my pipe? It is on the    ?   -
desk. I saw it on the desk a couple   .  
of minutes ago.                          '
 .

b) Where is your suitcase? It is in    ?   (-
the closet. I don't know. I've not  ) .  .   
seen it.                            .

c) Where is Vera's letter? It is on     ?   -
the sofa. I can't find it.             .     .

a) Where is my watch? It is on the    ?   
bookshelf. I've not seen it.          .    .

2)  .

   It      .  -
   .    
 if     "".

   :

It is a magazine.            .


22                                             


I know it.                   .
I'm going to do it.           .

3)  ()  (   
 ).

       it   
:

)  ,     , 
 ,

   :

It is spring now.                    .
It is warm in the living room.         .
It is cold today.                     .
It is dark.                         .
ft is getting dark.                  .
It is raining.                         (  ).
It often rains in March.                 .
It is a beautiful day.                .
It is nine o'clock now.               9 .
It is midnight now.                  .
It is a long way from here to  		   .
Cleveland.

)  ,    , -
   .

   :

It is dangerous to drive so fast.      
					(   it  - .
					 , to drive 
					 .)

It is important to learn new     
English words every day.            .

It is necessary to call Mr. Jones     
immediately,                       - .

It was interesting to talk to that     
young jounralist.                    .

It is hard to learn a foreign      
language in a short time.              .

It is no use informing him of that  He    
conversation.                      66  .


                                              23


I wouldn't do any good asking for      -
her help.                            .

Now it is clear that Jack won't  ,    -
.                            .

It is known that this medical prob-  ,   
lem has already been solved,         .

4)  it.

      it    , ,  .
   ,    
      -
 it is ... that. It is (was) +   + that + -
 + .

   :

It was yesterday that I met John at       -
 concert,                           .

It was in Boston that I ran into my       
old friend,                           .

It is in this scientific journal that      -
you  will  find  the  necessary      ()
information,                       .

     it is ...     
 .   it   -
     it.

   :

It was John called Mary five      
minutes ago. ( -    .  -
) : John called Mary last      .
week.

It should be emphasized that these     -
results   have   not   yet been     ,    
confirmed ( -  		 .
)


24                                             





			 

     (Relative Pronouns) who, whom, which,
that   ""   .  
     ,   
 .     -
,     .
 who  whom    ,
which    . That   
   ,     .
 who      
, whom     ( -
   whom   who}.  that
    (   -
 who    that}.  whose
   "", "", "", "". Whose
   .     
   "", "", "", -
  .

   :

1. The man who stole the car has  ,   -
becn arrested,                     , .

2. The lady who called you is here.   ,   -
  .

3. Sack is the mechanic who fixed  .  , 
my car.                             .

4. This are many people who have    ,  -
quit smoking,                      .

5. The gentleman whom you met at  ,   -
the reception is the dean.             ,  -
.

6.  is a man whom I always   ,   
admired.                         .

7. J'ane Baker is the woman whose      ,
book became a best seller,             .

8. Roy Smith is the journalist      , 
whose name became famous,           .

9. The book which is on the table is   ,    -
mine.                              ,  .


                                                25


10. The sunglasses which (that) I   .    
bought at Alexander's are for my  ,  
sister.                             .

11. I like the shopping bag which    , 
(that) you bought for Ann.            .

12. Here is the book which (that)    ,    -
you gave me last Sunday,             .

13. My friend whom (that) you saw   ,    -
yesterday is a medical doctor,       , .

14. The woman whom (that) you  ,   -
met at the entrance is my neighbour,    ,  .

15. That is my friend whom (that)    ,   -
I met in Boston,                     .

     which, whom, that  ,
       .

   :

1. That is my friend I met in    ,   -
Boston.                            .

2. The woman you met at the  ,   -
entrance is my neighbour,            , .

3. Is that the cat I saw in the yard?    ,   
 ?

4. Here is the magazine you gave    ,  . 
 last night,                      .

5. The young woman you see in the   ,  
classroom is our English teacher,    ,   -
					  .



			MUCH, MANY, LITTLE, FEW


   Much ()  little ()   
 (, salt, rain, time). Many ()  few (-
)     (,
lesson, newspaper, student).

   :

We learn many English words in      
class every day.                      .


26                                             


Mr. Jam's drinks much cofee.        -    .

Nancy has few (many) friends in     - 
New York City.                    () .

She made Jew (many) mistakes at      
her examination,                   () .

There is little milk in this pitcher.       .
A little  "".

   :

Give me a little salt, please.            , -
					.

    a few ()   
.

   :

A few minutes later Bob called me.       
					.


					SOMEANY

      some  any   -
,      
 .    some  any    
 :

   Some :

1)   ;

2)  ,     where, when,
how  .;

3)  ,    .

   :

1. Give me some tea.               , , .

2. You should add some salt to the      
potato salad,                       .

3. Where can I get some hot water?       -
?

4. Could I have some more coffee?    ?


                                              27


   Any :

1)   ;

2)     ( . . " ".
. ., ,    ).

   :

1. I have not taken any English       () -
books with me.           '          .

2. Boris doesn't make any mistakes      () -
in spelling,                          .

3. There is not any milk in the jug.      .

4. Have you bought any sugar?    ?

5. Do you have any spare time      
today?                            '?

6. Is there any news?               ?

      ,     -
           -
.

   :

1. I don't have any stamps at      () -
home. I have no stamps at home.  .

2. I don't have any money with me.     ()  
I have no money with me.          .

3. There are not any flowers in the      ()
blue vase. There are no flowers in  .
the blue vase.

4. He never gives his son any       -
.                             .


   Some  any       -
:

   -, -   
 

-,   

   , , -    -
   


28                                              


   :

1. There was an article about it in       -
some British magazine,              .

2. Put some water in that vase.          :/.

3. There were some journalists at    
that party,                        () - .

4. Here are some recipes foi you.       () .

5. Some plants don't need frequent     -
watering.                           .

6. Are   there   any   interesting      -
musicals on Broadway now?          
?

7. Do you have any painkiller at      - -
home?                             ?

8. Do you know any lawyer in your    - -
neighbourhood?                      ?

9. Have you bought any new books?    - 
?

   Any       -
 "".

   :

You may take any flowers you like.       -
,   .



			SOMETHING  ANYTHING;
			SOMEBODYANYBODY, ETC.

   Some  any     -thing, -body, -one,
-where.       ,   -
  some  any.

something            -; -

anything              -;  ;  -
			 ,   -
			 

somebody,             -; -
someone


                                                29


anybody.              -; , ;    -
               ,   -
			 

somewhere            -, -; -, -

anywhere             -, -; , ; ,
			      
			  .

    :

1. There is somebody (someone)  -   .
knocking at the door.

2. There isn't anybody (anyone) at     .
door. Nobody (no one) is at the
door.

3. Somebody (someone) will be at  -  .
home.

4. I'm afraid there isn't anybody   ,    .
(anyone) at home.

5. Is there anybody (anyone) at  - ?
home?

6. Is anybody (anyone) waiting for  -  ?
me?

7. There is something wrong with     -
this transistor radio,                 .

8. There isn't anything wrong with      -
fhis transistor radio,                .

9. Is there anything wrong with -     
this transistor radio?               ?

10. I want to go somewhere next      
Sunday,                          - .

11. Do you want to go anywhere    - 
next Sunday?                       ?

12. I don't want to go anywhere        -
next Sunday,                       .

30                                              






					


				PRESENT CONTINUOUS


          "" 
(, "")   (continuous tense).
      Present Continuous.

   Present Continuous    , 
      .  , , -
 "Peter is reading a paper",  ,    ( 
)   (    ).   -
,  -    (. .,    
 ),      -
 .

   :

Peter reads a paper every morning.      -
                                                               .

   Present Continuous     -
 to be +    (Present Participle) -
 .   ,   , 
 :   +-ing.

   :

read-ing; go-ing; call-ing; talk-ing; look-ing.

      ,   ,    -
   ,     ""-  .

   :

come, : com-ing;

have, : hav-ing.

   ,       
 ,      -ing  -
 :

1.   : stopstopping; putputting.


                                                                    31


2.    ,     -
 : begin  beginning; commit  committing.

      Present Continuous   to be
     ,  , .

         Present
Continuous  .

                     

I am coming                      am I coming?
You are coming                   are you coming?
He is coming                      is he coming?
She is coming                     is she coming?
He is coming                       is ? coming?
We are coming                    are we coming?
You are coming                   are you corning?
They are coming                   are they coining?

      ,   Present Continuous  -
   ,   (-
  )    to be.

   :

Are you working?  Yes, I am. No, I am not.
Is she coming?  Yes, she is. No, she is not.

         {what, who, where 
. .),      , :

Where are you going?
Who is coming?

       Present Continuous  -
   to he.

   :

I'm going                           we're going
you're going                         you're going
he's going                           they're going
she's going.
it's going.

    

I am (I'm) writing a letter.       (  ) 
.


32                                             


2. I am (I'm) waiting for my sister.     .

3. I am (I'm) listening to the    .
    music.

4. You are (you're) listening to the    .
    radio.

5. We are (we're) watching TV.        -
                                                          .

6. I am (I'm) looking for my     .
    pencil.

7. The bus is coming.               .

8. We are (we're) studying lesson     .
     four.

1. I am (I'm) not reading.           .

2. You are (you're) not listening to      .
    the radio.

3. We are (we're) not watching      
     television,                                 .

4. John is not waiting for the bus.      .

5. Doris is not having dinner now.      .

6. Is he working now?              ?

7. Is she watching television?          -
                                                         ?

8. Are they listening to the music?    ?




				SIMPLE PRESENT (PRESENT INDEFINITE)


        , 
      Simple Present ( 
]  Present Continuous (  ).  
,  Present Continuous ,     -
,  (  )   .  
 ,      -
  ,   Simple Present.

       :

I work                            we work
you work                         you work
he, she, it works                   they work


                                                                   33


        ,   , -
        
  "s".

   ,   -   (, to
study),        -ies {he
studies).

      to go  to do.   -
       Simple Present  
-es: (? , it) goes; he (she, it) does.

    -es       -
   x.   : s, ss, ch, sh, tch, x, z;
, I touch ( ): he touches: I rush ( ); he rushes.

    

1. I always walk to school.             .

2.  usually walks to work.            .

3. You read the newspaper after      -
     breakfast.                                   .

4. She reads the paper before going      .
   t bed.

5. We speak Russian.                -.

6. Richard speaks Russian.           -.

7. The children play in the garden       .
     every morning.

8. Tommy plays in the garden      -
     every morning,                      po.

9. Jack  and   Barbara  watch      -
    television every evening,         .

10). Jack watches television every     
        'veiling,                                           .

11. We like Italian food.               .
12. Steve likes Chinese food.           .
13. I go to bed early.                 .
14. The child goes to bed early.        .


34                                             


     ,   -
      .

1. They are preparing their lessons      .
     now.

2. They  always  prepare  their      .
     lessons.

3. I am talking with her now.           .

4. I talk with her every day.            
                                                     .

5. We are working in this office       -
   now.                            (  ).

6. We work in this office every day.      -
                                       (  ) 
                                      .

       Simple Present 
       to do. 
    .   
"".        -
         -
    Simple Present  Simple Past (
 ).

       ,     -
       
 ,     Simple Present 
     do,  
     ( ).

       Simple Present  does
(    )  do (  
   )   
,        (
 "to".      to work:

do I work?                       do we work?
do you work?                     do you work?
does he work?                    do they work?
does she work?
does it work?

     ,    -
  who (), what (), which () 
  (   ), -
     do (does)  .


                                                                    35


   :

1. Who drives to work every day?      
.  ?

2. What comes next?               0   -
?

3. Which of these boys studies with     
you?                               ?

       Simple Present :

Yes, I do.                           Yes, we do.
Yes, you do.                        Yes, you do.
Yes, he does.                        Yes, they do.
Yes, she does.
Yes, it does.

       Simple Present :

No, I don't.                         No, we don't.
No, you don't.                       No, you don't.
No. he doesn't.                      No, they don't.
No, she doesn't.
No, it doesn't.

     doesn't, don't  
  ,       .

    

1. Do you get up early?              ?

2. Do they go shopping once    ()  -
week?                               ?

3. Do you speak English?            -?

4. Does he work in an office?           (-
) ?

5. Does she work in a factory?         ?

6. Does the class begin early in the     -
morning?Yes, it does.            ?.

7. Does she like to go shopping?      ? 
Yes, she does.                      .

8. Do you sleep late in the mo-     ?  .
   ning?  Yes, I do.


36                                             


9. Does it often rain in the fall?      ?.
    Yes, it does. 
10. Do you want to travel?  Yes, l   ? 
do.                             .

11. Does it often rain in the     ?
summer?No. it doesn't.          Hem.

12. Do you want to buy a car?    -
No, I don't,                      ?.

       Simple Present  do not 
does not    ,   
  to.      
Simple Present  to work.

I do not work                     we do not work
you do not work                  you do not work
he does not work                  they do not work
she does not work
it does not work

     don't, doesn't    
.

    

1. I don't watch television every      -
    nighf.                               .

2. We don't work in a factory.          .

3. They don't work in a store.           .

4. The Smiths don't like to travel.     .

5. I don't want to go to the       .
    meeting.

6.  doesn't live in Boston.            .

7. Henry doesn't have dinner in       .
restaurant.


				   


          
: 1)  (infinitive); 2)    -
 (simple past tense); 3)    (past
participle).


                                                                    37


   :

to work  worked    worked      to eat  ate        eaten
to open   opened   opened    to come  came     come
to talk    talked     talked      to put     put       put
to walk   walked    walked     to write  wrote     written
to wait    waited    waited      to know  knew      know
to look    looked     looked      to give    gave      given
to stay    stayed     stayed      to take    took       taken

         ,  
       -
    .

   , ,    ,     -
     (  
 )      -
  ed      .
   simple past (  ) 
past participle (  )  -
  .

        regular verbs (-
 ).

   . .   (irregular verbs)  
     .  
     .

         
  ,      
  -ed,     -
.   :

a)  -ed   (id)  t, d.

   :

arrested  
corrected  
wanted  , 
demanded  
landed  

b)  -ed   (d)    (
 "d"),    .

   :

opened  


38                                             


informed  
stayed  
played  
continued  

)  -ed   (t)    (f, k, p,
s, sh, x, ch)      -t.

   :

cooked  ,  
helped  
worked  
pushed  
sniffed  , 
lunched.  
possessed  

         ""  -
   ,  ""    -ed -
  "i".

   :

to carry  carried
to try  tried
to study  studied

     ""   , "" , . . 
  "i".

   :

to enjoy  enjoyed ()

        ,  
    ,     simple past 
past participle .

   :

to stop  stopped

to plan  planned

to permit  permitted

to sob  sohbed (; )

          -, -
  :


                                                         39


1)    ,    , 
 .

   :

to occur  occured ()
to prefer  preferred ()

2)   ,      (-
  ).

   :

to appear  appeared ()
to fear  feared ()

         ,   -
 -ed   -d.

   :

to live  lived

to hire  hired

to telephone  telephoned

to like  liked

to place  placed

to move  moved



					* * *

       .   
 200  .  ,     -
    .    
.       -
 .      
( ,     ).

 :

(    )

a) to sing sang    sung      b) to speakspoke   spoken
to swim swam   swum     to forget forgot   forgotten
to begin  began    begun     to take    took     taken
to win     won     won       to give    gave     given
to hold    held     held       to write   wrote    written
c) to sell  sold     sold       d) to send  sent     sent
to bring  brought  brought   to build   built     built
to buy    bought bought    to lend   lent     lent


40                                             


to teach  taught   taught     f) to be  was. were  been
e) to put  put      put       to have    had        had
to set     set      set        tn do      did         done
to shut   shut    shut       to go     went      'gone
to burst  burst   burst
to spread  spread  spread

        
     . 
    (  -
   ).

    :

)   ;

)      en  past participle;

)      d  t;

)  d  t;

)     ;

e)  .



			SIMPLE PAST (PAST INDEFINITE)


      ,    
(simple past tense)   ,    
 ..     (regular verbs,
irregular verbs).     
  -ed   .

   :

I worked                         we worked
you worked                       you worked
he worked                        they worked
she worked
it worked

        ( 
   200  )   -
,       .  
    .

   :

I sang                           we sang
you sang                         you sang
he sang                          they sang
she sang
it sang


                                                                    41


       ,      -
 .     ,    -
 .

      (simple past tense)   -
,     ,     
  . ,     -
,  ,    .   
    ,     -
.    ,   
    .   ,   -
    .

          
 ,    .    -
     .

   :

 smoked a cigarette and left the      ()
house,                                                    .

 listened to the radio for half an       -
hour.                                                   .

    ,      -
,      
 .

   :

Jack wrote a letter to his friend       
twice a week.                                .

          ,  -
       
.

   :

 turned off the radio and went to      
bed.                                                     .

    

1. Linda and I talked over the       
phone two days ago.                  .

2. Joe watched television until ten      -
o'clock last night,                                    
                                                             .

42                                            


3. jane studied in our class last       -
year.                                , .

4. Mary baked a cake yesterday.             
().

5. Ann    passed     all     her      .
examinations.

6. The critics called the new movie      
a failure,                         .

7. I stayed home last night and       
watched TV.                        -
.

8. I worked for that company last      
year.                             .

9. It often rained last spring.             
.

1. Michael slept all day on Sunday.      .

2. I took the bus at Rockefeller       
Center.                            .

3. Until last year I drove to work.      
   .

4. I told John about my trip.             -
.

5. I went to Denver by plane.           -
                                                       .

6. I took a trip to Cleveland.           .

7. I bought my ticket at the airport.       .

8. Yesterday I had my breakfast in      .
a coffee shop.

9. Boris began to study English      
year ago.                            .

10. David finally sold his old car.      -
 .

     .  simple past  -
       to do.

       simple past 
did (      )  -


                                                                   43


  ,      
  (  to}.

   :

did I work?                        did we work?
did you work?                     did you work?
did he work?                      did they work?
did she work?
did it work?

       simple past :

Yes, I did.                            Yes, we did.
Yes, you did.                         Yes, you did.
Yes, he did.                          Yes, they did.
Yes, she did.
Yes, it did.

       simple past :

N, I didn't.                          No, we didn't.
No, you didn't.                       No, you didn't.
No, he didn't.                        No, they didn't.
No, she didn't.
No, it didn't.

     didn't    -
 ,       . 
     simple past:

No, I did not.                       No, we did not.
No, you did not.                     No. you did not.
No, he did not.                      No, they did not.
No, she did not.
No, it did not.

    

1. Did you work in an office last   ( ) 
   year?                              ( -
                                  )?

2. Did George work in a factory      -
last month?                        ?

3. Did Ann tell you about her trip?       -
?

4. Did Joe come home very late       
last night?                        ?

44                                             

5. Did Jimmy give you his new     () 
     telephone number?                   ?

6. Did you go to Boston by bus?    ( )  -
                                                            ?

7. Did it snow a lot last winter?     
?

8. Did the class begin on time?    ?
Yes, it aid.                         .

9. Did  you  sleep   late   last       -
Sunday?  Yes, I did.               ?  .

10. Did  Helen  get  up   early      ?  .
yesterday?  Yes, she did.

11. Did they drive to Albany':*        -
Yes, they did.                       ?  .

12. Did you watch television last      -
night?  Yes, 1 did.                  ?  .

13. Did  Glenn  graduate from      
college last semester?  No, "he    ?  .
didn't.

14. Did your cousin feel better     (
yesterday?No, he didn't (no, she   )  
didn't),                            () ?.


				* * *


1. Where did you live last year?  I     ( )  -
lived In Chicago 73?? year.           ?     
  .

2. Where did you have dinner      ?   
yesterday?  I had. dinner at     .
restaurant yesterday.

3. Where did  Mary  go  last      -
su.mm.er7  Mary went To 'Europe  ?    
last summer,                       .

4. When did Columbus discover      -
America?Columbus  discovered  ?   
America in 1492.                   1492 .

5. How did you celebrate your     ( oin-
birlhday?I didn't celebrate it at  )   -
all.                                ?      .


                                                                   45


6. How much did the ring cost?     ?  -
The ring cost 600 dollars,             600 .

       simple past  did not
(      )  
 ,      -
 to.

         simple past -
 to work:

I did not work                    we did not work
you did not work                  you did not work
he did not work                   they did not work
she did not work
it did not work

     didn't     -
.

    

1. I didn't watch television last       -
night.                               .

2. Henry   didn't  go  to work       .
yesterday.

3. It didn't snow last winter.           .

4. I didn't go shopping last week        
because I was very busy.           ,    
.

5. I didn't see Robert yesterday.        .

6. Alice didn't come to the party.      .

7. Gregory didn't prepare his      
lesson well.                        .

8. I didn't do my homework      -
yesterday.                         .

9. Last summer Ann didn't take       
vacation.                '       .

10.  didn't get to work on time.       .

11. You didn't read the article         
carefully,                         .

12. Last year Bob didn't graduate       
       from college,                              .


46                                            





					PAST CONTINUOUS


   Past Continuous      
 to be     (Present Participle) -
 : Past tense of to be + Present Participle of the main verb

        Past Continuous  to
work:

I was working                    we were working
you were working                 you were working
he (she, it) was working           they were working

     Past Continuous

I was not (wasn't) working        we were not (weren't) working
you were not (weren't) working     you were not (weren't) working
he (she, it) was not (wasn't)  they were not (weren't) working
working

     Past Continuous

Was / working?                   were we working?
were you working?                were you working?
was he (she, it) working?          were they working?

   Past Continuous     -
  ,      
(   ).

   :

When Richard came home, Ann     ,
was watching television.                  -
                                                         .

    , "was watching television" (Past Continuous) -
     , . .   ( -
      .   
    , . .   -
) .

    

1. When we left New York City, it      -flop-
was raining,                       ,  .

2. I was writing letters when the    () ,  -
lelephone rang.                      .


 									47


3. We were watching television     -
when somebody knocked at the  ,  - 
door.                               .

4. Joe got sick while we were      
traveling in Europe,                  .

5. I was reading the newspaper    ,  
when my friend arrived,              (.:  
						).

6. Jane was playing the violin     , 
when her guests arrived,             () .

7. Jack was ordering lunch when 1     ,  
entered the restaurant,               .

8. We were having breakfast when   ,  
the mailman rang.                 .

9. Steven was talking with Ann     , 
when I saw them in Central Park.       -
.

10. They were living in the Ukraine     ,  -
when the war broke out.             .

   Past Continuous     
,       ( -
 ,    6 . ,      . .).
  ,       
 , , ,    .

:

1. m was interviewing a union   -
leader on Friday morning,             
.

2. I was working in my garden on   ,    
Friday morning,                   .

3. What was Linda doing at eight      
o'clock last night?                    ?

4. Linda was listening to the radio      -
at the time.                       .

   Past Continuous     
     always (), constantly (-
). never ().     Past
Continuous  .


48                                             


:                                                   


She was constantly complaining of     
being neglected by her friends,      ,    
.

         simple past
 past continuous.  , past continuous  
    ,   
   (simple past).   -
:

1. The accident happened while          ,  
     they were driving on the highway,      .

"  "     (past
continuous), "    
 (simple past).

2. When you telephoned, we were     ( -
    having dinner,                                )  ,  .

3. I was sleeping soundly when the    ,  
mailman knocked aHhe'door.         .

4. It was raining hard when I got    ,   -
off the bus.                          .

5. When Joe came home, his wife     , 
was preparing dinner,                .





				PRESENT PERFECT


   Present Perfect       -
  to have     (past
participle)  .  :

I (have\iorked                     we have worked
you have worked                  you have worked
he has worked                     they have worked
she has worked
it has worked

     ,      
   present perfect. 
       to work.

I've worked                       we've worked
you've worked                     you've worked


                                                             49


lie's worked                          they've worked
she's worked
il's worked

   Present perfect    :

 )     , aeeo  poee,   
-     .

   :

35 countries have signed the  35   -
Helsinki Agreement,                 .

    present perfect    , 
       -
 .

2) Jim has bought a new car.         .
						. .      
						(  ).

3) I have left my glasses at home.    ()  .

    ,       , . .   
 (  ).

4) m has gone to Boston.           .

    .       (  -
).

 b) Present perfect    , -
  ,    .  
       .

   :

1. The Gorbunovs have lived in          -
   New York City for five years,       .

2. They have lived here since June.      .

    ,        
     (, , to live, to work, to
study, to teach, to read, to write, to travel}, present perfect  ,
    ( b)     present
perfect continuous (have/has been +    
present participle).


50                                             


   :

I have (I've) been working         we have (we've) been working
you have (you've) been working     you have (you've) been working
he has (he's) been working         they have (they've) been working

c) Present perfect      every
(-), never ().

   :

1. Has he ever studied English?      -  -
?

No, he has never studied English.    ,     -
.

2. Have you ever visited the   -   ?
Louvre?

No, I have never visited the Louvre.   .      
(.:    ).




				PRESENT PERFECT AND SIMPLE PAST


      simple past, present perfect,    
 ,  -  
(     ), , ,
yesterday, last night, last week, last year, last Sunday, the day before
yesterday (), an hour ago, a minute ago, two weeks ago;
on Tuesday, May 16; in the spring 1980 etc.

         simple past.
   :

1. a) I spoke to Jane an hour ago.       
.

b) I have spoken to her about it.       .

2. a) Last week I learned many      
   new English words,                   .

b) I have learned many new       (-
English words in this course,       )    .

3. a) Mr. Thomas went to London   -     -
week ago.                          .

b) Mr. Thomas has gone to  -    .
London.


                                                                    51


4. a) You made a mistake a minute       
ago.                              () .

b) You have made the same        -
mistake several times,               .


    

1. Jack has left for New York.  .   -.

2. Jane has returned to Boston.       .

3. We have had our breakfast.      () .

4. I have forgotten her name.         .

5. John has stayed home.            .

6. Joe has worked all day.            .

7. I have invited Jeff and Susan      
   for dinner,                          .

8. I have written several letters.      .

9. You have spent a lot of money.     .

10. How is Helen? I have not seen     ?    
    her since early June.                 .

11. I am afraid I have lost my car   ,   
      keys.                                           .

12. I hear that you have graduated   ,   
      from college.                                .

       present perfect -
  not    
   to have.

   :

I have been in Paris.
I have not been in Paris.

    

1. We have not ordered dinner yet.       .

2. I have not found my wallet.          .

3. Doris has not been sick.             .

4. Jack has not read the recent       -
     best seller,                                .

52                                             


5. I have never heard oj anything    ,  
    stranger,                                        (.: 
                                                              
                                                           ).

6. The train has not arrived yet.      .

7. I have not played tennis for            .
    many years.

8. I have not been here since       .
     Tuesday.

       present perfect -
    to have   -
.

   :

 has worked all day.
Has he worked all day?

    

1. Has Linda visited her cousin in     -
    Denver?                                          ( 
                                                           )  ?

2. Have you read that hook?           ?

3. Have you met Nancy?            ?

4. Have  you  spoken  to  the    -
   manager?                       ?

5. Have you seen that musical?      -
?

6. Have you ever watched a British   -  -
television program?                    -
?

					* * *

1. Have you ever studfci! English?   -  -
                                                             ?

Yes, I have.                       .
No, I haven't.                      Hem.

No. I've never studied English.       .        -
							 


                                                           53


2. Have you ever played golf?        -   ?

Yes. I have.                        .

No, I haven't.                      Hem.

No, I've never played golf.          ,      .

3. Have you ever visited the   -   
Metropolitan Museum in  New    -?
York?

Yes, I have.                        .
No, I've not.                       Hem.

No,   I've   never   visited   the   ,      
Metropolitan Museum.              .

I. How long have you lived (have      ?
   you been living) here?

I have lived here since 1972.             1972 .
I have been living here since 1972.       1972 .
I have lived here for nine years.         .

I have been living here for nine       .
nears.

2. How long have you studied      -
English?                          ?

I  have studied  (I've studied)     ,  1978 .
English since 1978.

I have studied (I've studied)      ()  -
English for three years,             .


				PAST PERFECT


   Past perfect      -
  to have (. .  had)   
 (Past participle)  .

    :

I had worked                      we had worked
you had worked                   you had worked
he had worked                    they had worked
she had worked
it had worked


54                                             


      (     )
   past perfect:

I'd worked                         we'd worked
you'd worked                       you'd worked
he'd worked                        they'd worked
she'd worked

    Past perfect      ,
  -     .
   ,   , -
  past perfect,    1)   simple 
past;3)   .

     past perfect  
:

1)   Alice  had  left  when  I        ,  ()
      telephoned,                        .

2) I had seen that movie before last       
    year's New York Film Festival,        - -
                                                               .

       .    ,
  :  ;  .    
 . ,    (. .  ),
  past perfect.

       .    
 ,   ,   past
perfect,     simple past,    (
  - ).  ,
    past perfect (  
,     - ).

        past perfect 
   .

   :

Her friends noticed how sad she         ,  -
was during the dinner. She had got       . 
an unpleasant letter,                              .

     .   
  (past perfect).     ,  
     (simple past).


                                                                 55


   Past perfect     .  
     ,   -
    ,   
 past perfect.

   :

1. Gregory said he had lost his car   ,  
    keys.                                                  .

2. Bob asked me why I had left the    ,   
    party so early,                                    .

3. I asked Jeff where he had spent    ,   
    his vacation,                                     .

    

1. When he had finished his work,      ,
    he called his friend.                         .

2. I came to the library after Doris       
    had left.                                           ,   () .

3. The rain had stopped before we     
     started our trip to Baltimore,           .

4. Boris had learned English before      
    he came to America,                         .

5. By five o'clock / had completed          
     work.                                            .

6. I knew John had not played            ,     -
    tennis for a long time.                       .

7. I gave Ann the flowers that I had     , 
    bought for her.                                   .

8. I realized that I had taken the        ,   () 
    wrong road.                                    no  .

9. The movie was better than we       ,   -
     had expected,                                .

       past perfect had  
.

   :

Jack had left by the time they arrived.
Had Jack left by the time they arrived?

       past perfect  not -
    had.


56                                              


   :

 had taken the medicine when I entered llie room.
He had not taken tin' medicine when I entered the room.



			SIMPLE FUTURE (FUTURE INDEFINITE)


   Simple future (  ),   -
   ,     -
 will     (  to).

   :

I will work                        we will work
you will work                      you will work
he will work                       thfy will work
she will work
it will work

         
simple future.         to
work.

I'll work                             we'll work
you'll work                           you'll work
he'll work                            they'll work
she'll work
it'll work

       simple future  -
  (  ) .

   :

Will you write a letter tonight? Yes, I wiil.
Will fie eat later?  Yes, he will.

       simple future 
 not     
will.

   :

I will take a taxi.
I will not lake a taxi.

           
won't (-will not)


                                                                57


   :

I won't take a taxi.
He won't be home tonight.

       simple future  
,    .

:

Will you go to Boston?              No, I will not.
No, I won't.

       simple future -
  will   .

   :

I will take a taxi.
Will you take a taxi?

				* * *

    

1. The train will be late.              .

2. You will enjoy the movie.          -
.

3. I will finish that letter by four       
o'clock,                              .

4. I will wait for you downstairs.       .

5. It will rain tomorrow.            .

6. They will meet you at Kennedy      
   Airport,                           . .

7. lohn will call you later.            .

8. They will finish the work at the      
    end of the week.                    .

9. We will have dinner later than      , 
   usual,                             .

10. It will take half an hour to get   ,  -
to the railway station,                   
                                     .

11. 1 will pay this bill next week.       
 .


58                                             


				*  * *

1.I won't (will not) see Mary      .
   tomorrow.

2. I won't (will not) drive to               
    Boston next week.                   .

3. We won't go to France next      
    spring,                                      .

4. You won't get to work on time.       -
                                                         .

5. It won't take much time to go      , 
    there.                                             .

6. There won't be any mail today.     .

					* * *

1. Will the show last more than an      ?
     hour?

2. Will you return by the end of the    .  ?
    month?

3. Will the store be open until eight      -
    o'clock?                                            ?

4. Will you meet Doris soon?          ?

5. Will you come and meet my        .  no-
    parents?                                        -
                                                        ?

6. How long will you be absent?      -
                                                        ?

7. Where will you spend your      ?
vocation?

8. What time will you leave home?      ?



				GOING TO FUTURE


           -
   to be going to Infinitive  .

   :

I believe it is going to snow.        ,   .


                                                                  59


    to be going + Infinitive    -
 ,    ,    .
   ,   , 
    .

          -
 " - "

    :

1. Mr. Johnson is going to speak at   -   
     meeting tonight,                                 .

2. I'm going to watch a movie on     ,
    television,                                      .

3. We are going to buy a color TV      
    set.                                                   .

4.  is going to go to the movies     
    tonight,                                              .

5. I'm going to listen to the radio      .
    for a while.

6. We are not going to eat out      -
     tonight.                              .

7. Are you going to eat out tonight?     
                                                                ?  
                                                                  
                                                              ?

8. Diana is not going to play tennis      
    this afternoon,                                    .

9. Is Diane going to play tennis            
    this afternoon?                                ?   
                                                                 ?

10. I'm going to have ice cream for        -
      dessert.                                          .

11. I'm not going to have ice cream        -
       for dessert,                                     cepm.

12. Are you going to have ice cream      
       for desert?                                       ?




				FUTURE CONTINUOUS


   Future Continuous    will be  
    (-ing form).


60                                             


    :

I will be working                   we will be working
you will be working                you will be 'working
he 'will be working                  they will he working
she will be working
it will he working

     (I'll..., you'll..., she'll..., it'll.... we'll..., they'll)
    .

     Future Continuous

I will not (won't) he working       we will not (won't) be working
you will not (won't) be working     you will not (won't) be working
he will not (won't) be -working   they will not (won't) be working
she will not (won't) he -working
it will not (won't) be working

     Future Continuous

will I be working?                  will we be working?
will you be working?               will you be working?
will he be working?                will they be working?
will she be working?
will it be -working?

   Future continuous     -
  ,       (
  simple present). Future continuous  
   ,    
  , :

1. If you call him at seven, he will       
    be watching the news.               ,  (  ) 
                                                          , -
                                                           .

2. I'll be working when you return.     ,   -
                                                            (  ).

3. If they come at noon, we will be      
    having lunch,                                  ,    .

4. At 8 P.M. he'll be-working on his   B 8 .    -
    master's essay,                                  
                                                              .

5. At this time tomorrow night    		    
   Jack will be practicine the violin.  	   
                                                       .


                                                                  61


6. I will be answering his letter in        .
the evening.

					* * *

           -
 present continuous ( ,    to go, to come, to
leave, to return etc.).     -
  ,    {tomorrow.
tonight, next week, next Friday etc).

   :

John is arriving in New York      -
today.                                       .

The Smith are coming for dinner     . .
tomorrow.



				FUTURE PERFECT


   Future perfect ( )    will
have  past participle (  )  -
.

     Future Perfect    to
work:

I will have worked                we will have worked
you will have worked              you will have worked
he will have worked               they will have worked
she will have worked
it will have worked

   Future Perfect :

1)   ,    -
   (      by).

:

By this time next month, you -will         -
have forgotten all your present           -
troubles.                                           .

 will have done his homework by      -
7 P.M.                                                       .


62                                             


2)   ,     -
  .

   :

I am sure you will have recovered   ,  .  ,
when I return from Europe,             , 
() .

I hope you will have finished the   ,   
report before Mr. Smith goes to   ,  - 
Washington, D.C.                    .

    

1. When   Jack   finishes   this       ,   -
completed our scientific expert-    ,  
ments.                                                  .

2. A month from now we will have      
completed our scientific experi-      .
ments.

3. By the time Doris arrives, I will   ,   -
have finished  translating  this       ,    
article,                                              .

4. Before he leaves New York City,     - 
he will have seen all his old                   -
friends.                                                .

5. I am positive you will have                  ,    
passed your road test by September,     .

6. Mr. Miller will have seen his son           -  -
    by then.                                                    .

7. I will have finished this course                .
    in May.

8. By the time we get there, the              ,   
    lesson will have been finished,        ,  () .

9.  I hope I will have finished                 ,    -
     (reading) this book by early next        
     week.                                                 .

10. I am afraid you will have                 ,   
      forgotten all  these  rules  by               
      tomorrow,                                         .

          Simple
Future  Future Perfect.


                                                                   63


   :

I will read this book next week.        -
 .

I will have finished reading this      
book by tomorrow,                  .

The Smiths will spend six weeks in      
Switzerland.                       .

By July the Smiths will have spent      
six weeks in Switzerland.             .


				 


         
 .     :

1) to lie      lay           lain             

2) to lay      laid          laid            , 

3) to sit      sat           sat             

4) to set      set           set            , ;
                                                               ; 

5) to rise      rose           risen           ;

6) to raise    raised         raised          ;  ; 

   -to lie-

1. The cat always lies in that       .
    corner.

2. I would like to lie down for       -
    while.     "                        .

3. I cannot fall asleep if I lie on my     ,   
    back.                              .

4. The magazine lay open on the     
    desk.                             .

5. The lake lies to the south of the    (.: -
    village.                            )    .

6. I have lain down on the couch.      .


64                                              


   -to lay-

1. l.ay your hat on the chair.            .

2. She laid the hook on the desk.       -
                                                             .

3. Right now I am laying the book   ()    -
     the desk.                                   .

4. They have laid the carpet on the     .
     floor.

   -to sit-

1. Jack usually sits at this desk.       
 .

2. Let's sit down for a while.          f6yKB.: -
 ).

3. Mrs. Brown sat in a chair and  -   R   -
read the paper,                     .

4. I was sitting in the living room     ,  -
when Jane called,                   .

5. We sat up all night talking.       .     -
.

   -to set-

1. You should not set the lamp too      
to near the curtain,                   .

2. Don't forget to set the table.      He ()   .

3. Doris has already set the table.      .

4. Please set the time when we are  ,  
to meet. 						 .

5. The children were set apart from     
the grown ups.                    .

6. Have you set the alarm clock?         -
Yes, I have.                        ?  .

   -to rise-

1. The sun rises in the east.            .

2. The sun has not risen yet.           .

3. We watched the sunrise.           ,  
.


                                                                    65


4.  rose to meet the guests.         .

5. I rose at 5 A.M. I had to prepare      .
    for my examination.                           
                                                             .

6. Food prices rose sharply last       -
month,                              .

   -to raise-

1. Children raise their hands to     -
speak in class,                              ,  -
                                                      .

2. The landlord has raised the rent        
    for our apartment,                          .

3. Her salary was raised by seven      
    percent,                           .

4. His salary will be raised next      -
month.                              .

5. Linda raised the shades.            .

6. The old man raises all kinds of        
vegetables in his garden,             , .

7. Mrs.  Miller has raised six  -   -
children.                           .

      ,  to lie, to sit, to rise  -
 , . .    .  to
lay, to set, to raise   , . .    -
 .

   :

I lay down on the sofa.                .

 laid the book on the table.           .

We can sit here.                      .

Mary set the plates on the table.      
.

Prices for consumer goods rise     -
every month,                        .

Mr. Smith raised his employee's  -   
salary,                           .


3. . 3179. . 

66                                             


					 


Passive Voice ( .)    
     -
 to be + past participle (  ) 
.       -
  (  to punish}.

   Simple Present Passive Voice

I am punished                     we are punished
you are punished                   you are punished
he (she, it) is punished             they are punished

   Simple Past Passive Voice

I was punished                    we were punished
you were punished                 you were punished
he (she, it) was punished           they were punished

   Simple Future Passive Voice

I will be punished                  we will be punished
you will be punished                you will be punished
he (she, it) will be punished         they will be punished

   Present Perfect Passive Voice

I have been punished               we have been punished
you have been punished            you have been punished
he (she. it} has been punished      they have been punished

   Past Perfect Passive Voice

I had been punished
you had been puniched etc.

   Present Continuous Passive Voice

I am being punished                we are being punished
you are being punished             you are being punished
he (she. it) is being punished       they are being punished

   Past Continuous Passive Voice

I was being punished               we were being punished
you were being punished            you were being punished
he (she, it) was being punished     they were being punished


                                                                   67


        :


   Active Voice


 delivers the mail.               .
 delivered the mail.              .
 will deliver the mail.            .

   Passive Voice

The mail is delivered by .        .
The mail was delivered by .       .
The mail will be delivered by .     -
.

       , ,   
   ,   
   .

   :

Active Voice:  delivers the mail.
Passive Voice: The mail is delivered by Tom.

          
,        , 
     by.

   :

  .           The work is done by .

         -
        .

   :


   Simple Present Passive Voice


New hospitals are built every year.      -
.

   Simple Past Passive Voice

This hospital was built a month    
ago.                                .


68                                             


   Simple Future Passive Voice

A new hospital will be built in our       .
neigbourhood next spring,             .


   Present Perfect Passive Voice

He has not been seen for a week.        .


   Past Perfect Passive Voice

The police reported that the killer    ,  
had been arrested,                 .


   Present Continuous Passive Voice

A new school Is being built in our     () -
neigbourhood.                       .


   Past Continuous Passive Voice

When   I   returned   to   that       (-
Callfornian town, the Hospital was  )  ,
still being built,                       .


          
  : I)    -
 ; 2) ,   -; 3) -
  (       ,
       
),

   :

1) I am invited to a party.             . 
                                                       .

2) All observations were made by         
team of famous scientists,                        .
                                                                  -
                                                                 .

3) We were asked to come as early      -
    as possible,                                       .

         ,  
.       passive voice
       
-.     : 1)   


                                                                     69


        .
   : to advise; to ask;
to envy; to give; to grant, -
; to offer; t order; to pay;
to promise  ; to show  ; to tell  .

   :

We were advised to be cautious.       -
                                                             .

I was asked to call Mr. Johnson.       -
                                                          .

I was paid cash. We were told wait.    . 
                                       .

      ,    
       
 .

          
passive voice  :

 was shown a book. The book     . (: 
was shown to him.                             ).

2)      
  .  : , : to affect 
 ; , ; t assist  -
; to follow  ; to influence  , to join  -
.        passive
voice,          
 .

   :

 was followed by two policemen.      -
.

       -  ,
      ('<-(-  
  .

   :

It  has   been   suggested   that     ,
cholesterol inhibits the bioligic     -
activitles of streptolysln.              -
                                    .


70                                             


It is seen from Figure 3 that...          3 , ...

It is not known whether...           , ... ...

It was demonstrated that...            (), ...

          -
.

         -
    not,   
  ,      -
 .

   :

The merchandise was not delivered     .
on time.

The criminal has not been caught      no-
by the police,                                    .

The negotiations will not  be     
finished next week.                   .

        -
    (      
 )   .

Will your article be published in    -
tomorrow's issue?                    ?

Is Mary interested in learning     
Russian?                           ?

Is the village located in the     ?
mountains?

				* * *

       can, may, must, should
     6e+past participle (-
  )  .   -
  have to, ought to   
  be+past participle  .

   :

This letter must be written today.       -
 .


                                                                     71


This work can be done tomorrow.      -
 .

The bill has to be paid before the     (-
end of the month,                                 )  
                                                            .

Your homework should be finished      -
before 8 P.M.                                           
                                                              .

This letter ought to be sent by               -
airmail.                                                 .

New members may be registered   () -
next week.                                             -
                                                             .

 

1. Greeting cards are sent by most    om-
Americans at holiday time.                -
                                                               
                                                            (.:     -
                                                                -
                                                               -
                                                            ).

2. English is spoken the world over.   -   
                                                                .

3. This fascinating movie will be    
seen in many countries,               .

4. America was discovered by     -
Columbus in 1492.                   1492 .

5. Most of the words that you used    , 
in your composition were spelled        -
correctly.                                             ,  .

6. An   interesting   play   was      ( -
broadcast last night,               )  -
                                                    (.:  -
                                                    ).

7. The mayor was supported by    
majority of the voters,             .


72                                             


8. The tickets will be left for you at       -
     the box office,                                  .

9. You have been warned.          .


			 


     (subjunctive mood)  -
   , , ,  
,   .  , -
      -
 (indicative mood), . .  ,    -
 .      -
   .   
 .   ,   ,
  subjunctive mood .

          
  ,     -
       simple present
tense.

Subjunctive: He, she, it go, take, have.

Indicative: He, she, it goes, takes, has.

         
to be.        : be 
    simple present; were      
  simple past tense (  simple past
 to be      -
  wer).  subjunctive mood   
:

)  ,  , , -
,   . .

   :

It is necessary that he see his  ,  , -
lawyer.                                             (.:
                                                       ).

ft   is   desirable   that   Jack's  ,   -
departure be postponed,              .

It is important that this question be  ,    
settled as soon as possible,            .


                                                                   73


insist that the order be canceled.      , 
                                                             .

The teacher recommended that the    -
student, review the lesson,                   .


)      as if, as though
(-).


   :

Boris speaks English as if he were    -, 
American born.                        .

Johnson acted as though (as if) he     ,  -
vaere the owner of the firm.             .

George spoke to me as if we were     ,
old friends,                        .    .


)   ,  
    to wish (     
I wish).      
  ,  ...  ... .

I wish (that) Linda were here now.  ,    
                                                             .
                                                           (   -
                                                           )

I wish Linda had been New York    ,     
City last week.                                     -. 
                                                           ( had been
                                                             -
                                                           ,   past perfect
                                                            ).

I wish if were spring now.                ,    .

I wish I had seen John yesterday.   ,     
                                                           .

)     .

   :

If there were more time, I could     , 
finish my article,                      .

If I were young, I would study law.      ,  -
  .

If Joe were here, he would help you.       ,  -
  .

(.  " ")


74                                             


)   ,    
 .

   :

If I were in Switzerland now!            
                                                      !

If it were spring now!                  !



			 


       ,    
 (, ,   . .).  -
    ,   -
    to.

       ,   
         
        . -
    Present Infinitive (Active  Passive) 
     .

   May, might

 + Present Infinitive  , , -
, , . Might     may -
    ,  may).

   Can, could

Can + Present Infinitive    .
Could    can. Could + Infinitive   
     
.

   Must

Must + Present Infinitive     -
  , , ,  
, .

     mustn't {must not}   
(), . .      may. -
  ( ,  )  
needn't (need not).

   Must      ,   ,
  .      


                                                                 75


  must  have to+Present Infinitive ( -
  ).

   :

 had to take a taxi to get to the     , -
airport on time.                                       .

I'll have to go to the supermarket         
tomorrow,                                           .

   Need

Need+Present Infinitive (Active  Passive)  
         -
 .

   Should, would

  should  would    
 ,      
. Would    1) -
   ; 2) ; 3) , .
Should        , -
, ,  (     ,
 , ,  ).   
  should     
ought to + Infinitive.

    

   May  might

May I ask you a question?  Of     ()   eon-
course, you may.                             ?  .

May I come in?                   ?;  ()
                                            ?

May I read this letter?  Yes, you            -
m.No, you mustn't.No, don't,       ?  . .

   (    ()  , -
 may,  No, you mustn't  No, don't.}

You may take a doy off tomorrow.       -
.

 may be telling the truth.         ,   
The train may be late.              ,  .
He may be wrong.                 ,  .


76                                             


Ann might be right.                ,   .

When you feel lonely, you might     
like to visit us.                                , ,  ,
                                                          .

   Can  could

Can you get to work by subway?      -
Yes, I can.                      my                  ?  .

Can you help me with my home-       
work? Yes, I can.                          ?  .

I can read French.                   - (.:
                                                    ...).

Can you drive?  Yes, I can.          ? 
.

I couldn't visit my aunt last week       -
because I was busy.                 , 
  .

Years ago I could swim well.            
.

Jack hurt his foot and couldn't       
play football,                          .

Could you pass the cheese?         He     ()
?

 could refuse to come to your     -
party.                              (:
                                 ,  ).

   Must

Must I call Mr. Brown?  Yes, you    - ? 
must. No. you needn't.            . ,  .

You must see the new musical on    
Broadway.                          -
						.

Must I take an umbrella?Yes, you      ?.
must. No, you needn't.            ,  .

You mustn't leave now.                .

   Should  would

You should be more careful.           .


                                                                77


You shouldn't interfere in other       -
people's affairs,                        .

Jack should pass his road test.      -,   
						   -
						.

We would play cards for hours.   , ,   
.

Would you wait for me for five  He   .  
minutes?                         ?

I would like to see Mr. Roberts.      -
                                                       .


78                                             



				  


      (verbals)   (,
)      , ,   -
    .    
 ,   .     
 ,   ,     
,  .



				


       ,    
  .   , 
     ,   
   .

       :

		Active			Passive	

Present	to ask			to be asked			   
										   
										   -

Perfect	to have asked		to have been asked   	   
										   
										-

   :

1. Jack want to become        -
journalist.                                .

2.  used to play tennis twice            
week.                                                        .

3. I would like to drink a glass of            
    wine.                                                  .

4.  does not want to be criticized      ,  
by his colleagues,                                   .



                                                79



5. Jack was happy to have been    ,   
praised by his teacher,              .

        Present
Infinitive Active Voice.

     ,   
   , ,   -
.

   :

1)  take sleeping tablets is        
harmful.                                          (    ( ).
                                                        )

2) I prefer to read fiction in the       -
original.                                             -
                                                        .(    )

3) Here is the letter to be mailed as  	 ,  
soon as possible. 				(      .
							 )

4) The recent immigrants worked  		  
hard   to master the English , 	( )  -
language. 						(     .
							 )

5)  is too nervous to drive a car.    , 
                                                              .
                                                             (   - 
                                                               )

         to (, -
,     ,     
 , , ,  simple future: I will work.)

      ,    
 to.    :

1)     (modal auxiliaries):
may, might; can, could; must; should; would; needn't.

   :

1. You may come to see us when- 	      -
ever you have time.               	 ,   
						.

2. The flight may have been  , , .
canceled.


80                                             


3. The  Johnsons  might  have       -
invited us to their party,               .

4. You can get this magazine at the       -
library.                            .

5. Joe couldn't come to the concert       -
because he didn't feel well.         ,     -
							.

6. I must go home now.              ()
						.

7. You must spend more time on    
your English,                       
.

8. You mustn't drive in such bad       
weather,                             .

9. You should try to make fewer      -
mistakes.                          .

10. You shouldn't have missed that 	    
chance to make money,            	  
						 (  -
						).

11. I would like to have a cup of       .
coffe.

12. You needn't type this article 	   (. .,  -
today.                           	)   
						.

II.    to let (; ).

   :

1. Let me say a few words.            
.

2. Let us be friends.                 .

3. Let him finish his work as soon     
as possible,                         .

4. Let me stay here for a while.     
  .

5. Let's stop talking now.             .


                                               81


III.    to see, to hear, to watch, to feel

   -    ,  -
,    "+  
".

   :

I heard my neighbours quarrel.    ,    -
                                                       .

    

1. No one heard him leave the    ,   
house,                            .

2. I watched the boys play soccer.     , -
  .

3. Have you heard Jane play the   ,   
violin?                             ?

4. I never saw you look so happy.       
()  ().

5. I saw him fall.                      .

6. Didn't you notice him enter the     ,  
room?                             ?

7. I didn't hear the manager speak   ,  -
over the phone,                    mop   .

8. I heard him mention your name.   ,  .  
.

IV.     to   make
(  "").

   :

1.  make us wait three hours.       .

2. What makes you laugh?         -   ? (.:

   ?)

3. Jack's wife makes him wear      
tuxedo whenever they go visiting    ,
their friends,                            .

V.     to   had
better (  ,  )  would rather ( ).

:

1. You'd better call the doctor.          .


82                                             


2. He'd   better   prepare   his      -
homework more carefully,             -
.

3. You'd better apply for this job     
opening immediately,                   -
'.

4. You'd better tell your parents the      
truth,                             .

5. I would rather go to the movies       ,
than do my homework,              ,  
.

6. I would rather meet him at the       
hotel,                            .

7. My wife would rather live in       
small town.                       .

8. I would rather wait {or you in the        .
lobby.

9. I would rather listen to the      -
music.                             .

VI.     to   to help.

   :

1. She helped me pack my clothes.     
 .

2. My wife helped me look for my      
glasses,                          .

3. Could you help me lift this heavy  He      -
?                               ?

4. Help him move that sofa.           
.


					

           -
 .       -
 .

    ,   -ing^HO -
   .     -


                                               83


       -
.

     ,     
,       .

      :


		Active				Passive	

Simple	seeing, writing			being seen, 			 : 
							being written			 
												 

Perfect	having seen,			having been seen, 		 : 
		having written			having been written		



   :

1. John likes studying foreign     -
languages.                         .

2. Little Paul likes being read fairy    , 
tales,                               .

3. I don't remember having seen    ,   
such a movie,                     .

4. I   remember   having   been   ,   -
informcd of the conference,           .

      ()  
  .    -
 .      -
  .   :

1.  is fond of playing chess.          .

2. Jack is proud of being among the    ,  
winners of the contest.                 -
                                     .

3. The children Insisted on watch-     , 
ing television after dinner,             -
 .



84                                             


4. i am not interested in listening      
to her gossips,                     .

5. You have no reason for refusing       
to see Jack.                          .

6.   has  no experience in       
translating technical texts from     
Russian into English,                 .

7. Instead of working seriously, we    ,  
told each other funny stories,        ,  -
   
.

8. My wife does not approve of my     ,  
fast driving,                          .

9. There is no chance of their      , 
reaching an agreement before the   
end of the month.        '           .

10. I object to Bob's driving the car.    ,   -
 .

				* * *

       ,    
     .

         -
   .   : to be afraid ();
to begin, to start (); to continue (); to forget (-
); to hate (;  ); to intend (-
); to like, to love (, ); to prefer (-
).

   :

1. I ayas afraid of missing the train.      .
I was afraid to miss the train.

2. I will start working next week.      -
I will start to work next week.       .

3. We continued discussing the  	   no-
agenda for the meeting.  We  			  .
continued to discuss the agenda for
the meeting.

4. John likes playing tennis. John      .
likes to play tennis.


                                                85


5. Jack intends buying a new car.     no-
Sack intends to buy a new car.       .

6. I prefer meeting you at Carnegie     
Hall. I prefer to meet you at  		   .
Carnegie Hall.

           -
 ,     , 
 .   : to appreciate (");
to forgive (); to keep, to keep on (); to enjoy (-
 ; ); to finish (, );
to prevent (); cannot help; cannot resist (   ...;
  ...  . .); to excuse (); to deny (); to mind
(       );
to avoid (); to refrain (); to be capable of...
(   -).

   :

1. I would appreciate your calling    ,  
 back.                           .

2. Please excuse me disturbing you.  ,    .

3. 1  enjoyed traveling through    
Spain last summer,                   -
.

4. I have finished typing a business         
letter,                              .

5. My sickness prevented me from  -     -
attending last night's concert at      -
Lincoln Center,                     .

6. She couldn't help smiling.           .

7. She denies having called Albert.  ,  
.

8. I don't mind inviting Linda to       ,
the party,                             -
 .

9. Martin avoids meeting us.          
.

10. She refrained from mentioning     -
the names of her acquaintances,     .

11. Ann is not capable of doing any      
harm.                            .



86                                             


			


    (participle)   
,   .  -
   " " (verbal
adjective).      ,  
       -
 ( , ,   .). 
     .  
,     ( 
 ): )  ,   
     -; ) 
,  ,  , -
 -.      -
 .

      ,  
  .

        :


		Active				Passive

Present	seeing, writing 			being seen, being written

Past		   - " -				seen, written

Perfect	having seen, having 		having been seen, having been asked
		written


   Present Participle Active Voice   
-ing    (  to): to seeseeing, to
write  writing.      -,  -
: to drivedriving.

           -
 ,   : to stop  stopping.

       -ie,   , a i   :
to lie  lying: to die  dying.

   Present Participle Passive Voice    
  to be     
: to seebeing seen; to writebeing written.


                                                87


   Past Participle Passive Voice     ,
  Simple Past, . .    -ed: used, advertised. 
Past Participle Passive Voice    
(   ): seen, written, driven, read.

   Perfect Participle Active Voice    
  to have     
: having seen. having written, having driven, having read.

    Perfect Participle Passive Voice    -
 to be   Perfect Participle (having been)   -
   : having been seen, having been asked.

         -
 : Present Participle Active Voice, Past Participle Passive
Voice.

 :

			Present Participle Active Voice

The woman sitting in the armchair  ,   ,
is the editor's wife.                 .

The   man   standing   at   the       .
blackboard is our English teacher,  .

The fence surrounding the garden  ,  , 
is newly painted,                  .

I couldn't fall asleep last night  - ,  
because there was a crying baby in   ,  ^  -
the next room.                        .

			Past Participle Passive Voice

John has bought a used car.          , -
  .

The police are looking for a stolen     -
.                              .           --

The advertised merchandise was     -
not available at the store,            .

The articles written by this political  ,   -
observer are read with great             , -
interest all over the world,                  -
                                        '. '


88                                             


           -
 .       
  ,    .

   :

We are discussing the article    , -
written by Jack Nelson,              .
						   -
						  .

            -
   (,   -
) .

   :

Don't wake up the sleeping child.   He   .

The child sleeping on the sofa is   ,   , -
sick.                               .
						    -
						.

           -
     (
: -, -, -, -, -, -, -),    -
   .   -
        -
 participial phrases (. .   ).

   :

1. Feeling not well, Joe decided not    ,  -
to go to work.                         .

2. Seeing Nancy, Ann cried with  ,   -
joy.                              emu .

3. Asking me about my summer      
plans, Mr. Smith smiled all of  , -   -
sudden.                          .

4. Being busy, Jack refused an   ,  -
invitation.                           .

5. Being asked to help organize the     no-
meeting, Robert agreed at once.       , 
 .


                                               89


6. Having asked the secretary to    
bring the newspaper, Mr. Jones  , -   
returned to his office,                .

7. Having read the newspaper, he   ,  
wrote some business letters,          .

        ,    
   ." 
   (  -)  
  Present Participle,   , -
  ,  -.

   :

,        The student translating this French
 ,  -  article used a dictionary.
 .

    ,      -
 ,      -
.

   :

,           The scholar who has written this
,  ,             article is here.




90                                             



				

    (adverbs)  , ,  -
.         .

   :

 spoke slowly.                    .

The scholar studied the problem        
thoroughly,                         .

 works rapidly.                   .

Victor   studies   English   very      
seriously,                          .

This novel is extremely interesting.     -
.

Ann is really much younger than     -
she looks.-                        ,  .

Jack behaved rather awkwardly.     ,    -
					.

I appreciate your help indeed.        .  -
					   .

         
:

: often, now, much, here, there, rather.

 (    -1  -
  ):

easy  easily, soft  softly; clear  clearly; part  partly.

: everywhere, upstairs, downstairs, uphill, downhill,
somehow, sometimes, anyway, anyhow.

: at last (), at first (), at best ( 
), by and large ( ).

      
:

1.  : today, yesterday, tomorrow, soon.


                                                              91


2.  : often, frequently, seldom, never, sometimes.

3.    : here, there, forward, uphill.

4.    : therefore, consequently.

5.   : quickly, beautifully, easily, hard.

6.  : very, almost, rather, quite, nearly.

        -
.    : hard, fast, late, early, low.

:

1. John works very hard.              .
It is a hard job.                      .

2.  usually drives too fast.           -
  .
Japanese trains are very fast.          .

3. This store closes early.              .

 prefers an early retirement.         
					 .

4. Joe came very late.                 .
Will he come at such a late hour?       
					?

5. The airplane flew very low.         .
The room has a low ceiling.            .

       ,  
   : nearly, hardly, lately.

   :

It's nearly time for dinner.             .

I could hardly understand what he     () , 
was saying,                        .

I haven't seen her lately.                  .

    badly   : 1) ; 2) .

   :

John dances badly.                  .
I need you badly.                    .

     to feel (), to took (), to seem
(), to taste ( ), to sound (), to become (-
)     .  


92                                             


       (
 to ,      ).

   :

Do you feel comfortable?            ?

She looks pale.                      (.:  
					).

You look very good.                  .

This name sounds familiar to me.     .

The situation seemed hopeless.        .

The actor became famous overnight.     -
					.

           
 ,      .  
    (  ).

:

Mary looked angrily at him.            -
				. ( angrily 
				 to look).

John felt very nervous.               (-
				 nervous  
				,     
				).

				* * *

          ,   
.

         
 -r,      - est,  -
   .    -
    : more    ;
most    .

:

hard  harder  hardest;            fast  faster  fastest

soon  sooner  soonest;            correctly  more correctly  most
					correctly


                                                              93


          
.   :

well              better             best
()          ()           ( ,  )

badly             worse             worst
()           ()            ( ,  )

much             more             most
()           ()         ( ,  )

little              less               least
()            ()          ( ,  )

far                further; farther     furthest; farthest
()           ()          ( ,  )

     (today, yesterday, tomorrow etc.)   
,    .

   :

I met John in the cafeteria       .
yesterday. Yesterday I met John in
the cafeteria.

    recently (), lately (  ), before (-
, )     .

   :

I have never been there before.           .

        (usually, often, never,
seldom, still, already, always, yet etc.)   
  .

   :

 always comes on time.              .

I will never forget it.                   .

She has never spoken to me.             .

         -
     to be.

   :

 is usually late for class.             -
					.

Ann is often here in the evening.       -
					.


94                                             


				

      ,   -
       .  ,
        -
,        .

          
: 1)  ; 2)    ; 3) -
  .

			 

at                                    

at one o'clock                        
at three o'clock                       
at 9:25 P.M.                         
at 9:25 ..                        
at noon                            12  
at midnight                         
at night                           
at that time                        

on

on Sunday (on Monday etc.)          (  . .)
(on) Friday evening                  
on Monday, May 15, 1982           . 15  1982 .
on a day off                        
on a cold winter day                  

in

in the morning                    
in the daytimp                     
in the afternoon                     , 
in the evening                      
in the summer (in lhv fall cii )       (  . .)
in September (in Odt'ber eti.i         (   . .)
in 1980                              1980 .
in an hour                          ( )


 							95



in three hours    ( )
in a week   ( )
in two months    ( )
in a year   ( )


by 				

by 8 o'clock  8 
by the beginning of April   
by the end of October .  

since 

since 6 o'clock   
since May  
since 1970   1970 .

for 			)  

to study English for two years (for     -
				six months etc.)    ( 
				  . .)

to stay at home for a week (for two   ( 
				days etc.)  . .) 

			 ) 

t go to Boston (to the mountains    ( 
etc.) for a week (for a month etc.)  . .)   ( 
  . .)


before 			, 

before breakfast, before midnight  ,  

after 			

after six o'clock 	  
after dinner 		 

during 			 ,  ,  -
			 

during the lesson   ,   
during our conversation    ,  -
			   

until 			 (  )

 will not give an answer until      -
next Friday, 				 ..


96 					  



			   

at 			, , 

at the window  
at the theater  
at the performance  
at the station  

on 			

on the wall  
on the table  
on the roof  

in 			, 

in the room  
in this building   
in London  
in the north  
in the south  
in the west  
in the east  

into  ( -)

 walked into the room.    .
We drove into the city.    .

from 			c(co), , 

 took a book from the table.     .
I received a letter from my parents.     .
 came from New England last     
week.   .

to 				, , 

I am going to the post office.    .
 is going to work.    .
I am going to Manhattan.    .
This road leads to the station.     .

near 				, ,  ()

near the door   
near the window   ( )


 					97


along 			

along the road  
along the wall  

around 			, 

around the table  
around the house  
around the store -  

across 			

across the road  
across the river  

through 		, 

through the tunnel  
through the village  

over 			, , 

over the fireplace  
over the telephone no 
He climbed over the fence.    .

before 		

Why did you stop before that    
house?  ?

in front (of) 		, 

There is a garden in front of my    .
house. 				    -
Jack was sitting in front of his old   .
school-mate.

between 		

between Paris and London    
between France and Belgium    .

behind 			

behind the house  
behind the police precinct   


98                                             


under                            

under the table                     
under the book                     

inside                              , 
outside                             ,  

inside the house                     
outside the house                    

up                                , 

up the hill (uphill)                   
up the river                           

down                          

down the hill (downhill)              
down the river                       

off                               ,  ( , -
					).

The house stands off the main       -
road.                              .
The ship anchored five miles off       
the shore (offshore),                 .


			  

because of                          -

because of rain                     - 
because of illness                   - 
because of the noise                - 

in view of                         

in view of the serious political     -
situation                           
in view of his business experience       -
					

       : with  ,
without  , against  , for  .


 THERE IS/THERE ARE                                      99



		 THERE IS/THERE ARE

          
there is/there are    there is/there are -
        
 -   ,   ,  -
   . There is   -
   , there are    
 .

   :

   There is a table in the room. There are three tables in the room.

    there is/there are    , -
       ( -
 ).

   :

   There is a window in the room. There is a meeting tonight.

    there is/there are,  ,   
   .

   :

   There is a book on the shelf. The book is on the shelf.

   There's     there is.  -
   .

    ,      -
     , 
,     .   -
   there is/there are,     .

   :

   The book is on the shelf. There is a book on the shelf.

     there is/there are  there  
   ""


100                                            


    

1. There is a desk in the room.       (, )
					 .

2. There is a small desk in the    
room.                            .

3. There is a large window in the     .
classroom.

4. There is a Russian book on the     ()
desk.                             .

5. There is a coffee shop across the      -
street.                            .

6. There are two students from       
Moscow in our class.               .

7. There are two windows in the     .
room.

      there is / there are :

Is there?                              Is there a visitor in the office?
Are there?                             Are there many visitors in the office?

    

1. Is there a typewriter in your     ()
office?                             ?

2. Is there a meeting today?          ?

3. Is there an envelope on the     ?
shelf?

4. Is there a letter in the mall box?      ?

5. Are there many visitors in the     -
restaurant?                        ?

6. Are there many waiters in the     ?
restaurant?

    many  much      "",
   . Many   -
,    (,    many
books;    many students). Much   -
,        
    (,    much water;
   much snow).


 THERE IS/THERE ARE                                      101


1. There are many books  the      .
shelf.

2. There is much oil in Saudi      -
.                           .

3. There are many students at this      -
college.                           .

4. There is much snow on the     .: 
ground,                             ).

5. There are many apartments in      .
this building.

6. There is much milk in the jug.      .

       there is / there are
   ,     -
 (  ).

   There is no :

   )  ,      ,
  , :

There is no bread on the table.         .
There is no milk in the jug.            .

   )      , -
 , :

There is no clock in this room.          .
There is no typewriter in the office.      -
					.

   There are      ,  -
    ,  , -
:

There are no books on the shelf.      .

There are no trees in front of the     .
house.

        many, much,  
 there is / there are  not.

   :

There are not many students at the    () -
lesson.                             .


102                                            


There are not many girls in our       -
class.                              .

There is not much food in the     ()
refrigerator,                        .

There is not much water in the jug.     () .
:

There is no money in his wallet.      .

There is not much money in his      ()
wallet,                            .

There are no typewriters in the      -
office.                            .

There are not many typewriters in     () -
the office,                          .

				* * *

      ,    is there / are there -
   :

Yes, there is. Yes, there are.

     there is / there are
:

No, there is not. No, there are not.
 

Is there a letter in the mailbox?        -
Yes, there is.No, there is not.   ?  . ..

Is there a new student in our class-       -
room?  Yes, there is. No, there is  ?  , . .
not.

Is there a meeting today?Yes,    ?.
there is. No, there is not.          Hem.

Are there many Immigrants from      
the USSR in Chicago? Yes. there  ? ()..
are. No, there are not.

         there is / there
are      :

No, there isn't. No, there aren't.


                                         103


			 

           -
.         -
 (  ).

   :

   Do you live here? Yes, I do  No, I don't.

         ,
:

   Where do you live?  I live in New York City.

         -
,         -
 () .   -
  : who (); what (); whose (, , ,
); where (): when (); which (); how (); how often
( ); how long ( ); how much; how many ();
why ().

   : How much ,   -
    (  ); How many
     .

    ,   :

 comes here every day.              .
Does he come here every day?          ?
When does he come here?             ?
Who comes every day?               ?

     do/does  ,  -
      who,
what, which (      ).

    

Do you get up early?               ?

Do you drive to work every day?      -
  ?

Do they do their shopping every     
week?                            ?


104                                            


Do the Smiths live near you?           ?
Does he work in an office?            ?

Does Victor drive to work?              -
					?

Does Bob work in a store?            ?

Does the class begin early in the     -
morning?                         ?

Is he preparing his lessons now?     () ?
Is it raining now?                   ?

Does the bus always stop here?     -
					?

Did you see Ann yesterday?            ?

Did you go to Europe last summer?      , -
					?

Did they take French lessons last     
year?                                ?

    

Who gets up early?                 ?
Who is entering the room?            ?
Who often goes to Europe?             ?
Who saw this movie?                 ?
What's your address?              ()  ?

What's on tonight?                     ( -
, )?

What's the matter?                  ? (  ?)
What is his occupation?                ?
What are you doing now?             ?

What is he reading?                (  ) -
				?

What are you looking for?           ?
What comes next?                  ?

     whose ,   -
  . Whose     -
, , , .    ,   


  					105


 whose    
.

Whose typewriter is this?    ?

Whose notebook is this?    ?

Whose key is this?   ?

Whose keys are these?   ?

Whose car is this?   ?

Whose book is this?   ?

Whose books are these?   ?

Where do you live?   ?

Where are you going to spend your  .  
vacation? 				?

Where do you want to go next     -
summer? 			 ?

Where are you going?   ?

Where will Victor go after school?     -
					 ?

When do you go to bed?    ?

When do you usually take your     -
vacation? 			?

When do you usually have dinner?    ?

Which of these students studies     -
with you?					  ?

Which of these girls comes from     
Moscow? 			?

Which of these books would you      
like to buy? 				 ?

How do you get to work?     ?

How does Jim play tennis?     ?

How is your mother?     ?

How often do you go to the movies?      ?

How often does Jack come here?     ?

How long does the show last?    ?

How long did the meeting last?    ?


106 				  


How much do you pay for your      
driving lessons? 		?

How much did the tickets cost?   ?

How many words do you memorize     
every day? 			?

How many students are there in    
your class? 			?

Why didn't you call me?     ?

Why don't you want to live in      

Brooklyn? ?

Why was he late?   ?


                                                         107


			 

      ,    ,  -
      ( -
+     -
).

   :

   Do you drive a car?  Yes, I do. No, I don't.
   Can he get to work by subway? Yes, he can. No, he can't.

        
,      
 :

   Will Mr. Smith stay at the Hotel Americana?Yes, he will.No,
he won't.

           -
  (  ),    
.  :

Is she a teacher?Yes, she is.   ?..
No, she isn't.

Is Jim at home?  Yes, he is. No,   ?  . .
he isn't.

Is it raining now?  Yes, it is. No,    ?  . .
it isn't.

Do you get up early?  Yes, I do.  .  ?  . .
No. I don't.

Are you writing a letter? Yes, I     (  )
am.No, I am not.               ?..

Does Nancy like to go shopping?     -
Yes, she does.No, she doesn't,  ?..

Do you often go to the movies?      ?.
Yes, I do. No, I don't.            .

Do you have any money with you?        ?  .
Yes, I do. No, I don't.            .


108                                            


Do you live in Queens?Yes,     ?.
I do. No, I don't.                .

Does  watch television every      -
day?Yes, he does.No, he    ?.
doesn't.                           .

Did you go to the movies last       ?
night? Yes, I did.No, I didn't.   ..
(Or: Yes, we did. No, we didn't.)

Did if snow yesterday?Yes, it       ?..
did.  No, it didn't.

Did you see Linda last Sunday?        -
Yes, I did.No, I didn't,           ?  ..

Did they goto Spain last summer?      
Yes, I did.No, I didn't.           ?  ..

Has he spoken to Mr. Brown? Yes,     - ?
he has.No, he hasn't.             ..

Have you read Henry Kissinger's      -
memoir?Yes, I have.No, I  		?  ..
haven^t.

Was it warm yesterday?Yes, it    ?..
was. No, it wasn't.

Were you at home last night?  Yes,      ? ~
I was. No, I wasn't. (Or: Yes, we  . .

were.No, we weren't.)

Will you be back in an hour?Yes,     ?.
I will. No, I won't.               Hem.

Will they meet us near the hotel?       -
Yes. they will.No, they won't,  ?  . .

Will Linda go to the party tomor-     ' -
row?Yes, she will.No, she  ?..
won't.

Can she get to work by bus?  Yes,      -
she can.No, she can't,           my  ?..

May I ask you a question?  Of     ? (
course, you may.                     ?)  ,
				.

May I talk to you?  Of course, you     ?  ,
may.                             .


                                                          109


       ,    -
   ( I'm, I've  . .)   .
       -
      .

        , , , -
      -   ""  ""
(yes, no).        -
 .


110                                            


		
		 

         . . -
 :      
   .

          ,  
       
    .    
  :

1)      
  :     
   Simple Past   Past Continuous.

:

 ,    -  I knew (that) he . played tennis
em  ,                      every day.

 ,        I knew (that) he was playing
     -  tennis, and I didn't want to disturb
.                              him.

2)     
 :      
 Past Perfect.

:

 .       I knew (that) Bill had not time to
  ,              read my letter.

3)       -
,       ;  
      .. -
   Future in the Past,    
  would     
 to.

:

 ,       I knew (that) Bill would come to
 10  ,             see me after 10 P.M.


                                 111


      ,    can  may  -
   : could, might.   
       
 ,     
   .

   :

 ,    -   said (that) he could not
   ,       promise to come to the party.

 

1. -  ,    Mr. Brown said (that) he was very
 ,                      busy.

2. -  ,     Mr. Brown said (that) he had been
 ,                      very busy.

3.  ,    -   said he would call again.
.

4.  ,    -  She thought she might finish her
    pa- work by six o'clock.
.

5.  () .  The student promised he would try
   -  to do better work.
.

6.  ,      said he had lost his glasses,
.

7.   ,     told me he had lost his glasses.
 .

8.  ,    -   said he was looking for his
KU.                               glasses.

9.  ,     Albert said he would leave for
  .               Boston early in the morning.

10.  ,      I thought Jack was out of town.
.

11.  ,  , -  Ann said she might be late.
,  .

12.  ,     Joe said (that) he would wait for
  .                   us on the corner.

13.  ,     I knew Ann played the violin every
  .              day.


112                                             


14.  ,       I knew Ann had played the violin
()   ,  at the party.

15.  ,      I knew Ann would play the violin at
   ,         the party.

16.  ,      I knew Ann had not played the
  ,                 violin for a long time.

17.  ,     said he could not come to
  -.            New York City.

18.  ,      said he would not do it.
.

19.  ,   -   said he would return the money
   ,           next week.

20.  ,   -  Mary said she had passed her road
   ,  test.

21.    -  My supervisor asked me where I
,   .                    lived.

22.    -  My supervisor asked me where I
,    ,             had lived before.

23.  ()  ,  The student didn't know what that
   ,          word means.

        . 
      ,
 ,     
   ,     -
  .

   :

 ,  -  John knew that Albany is the
  -,           capital of New York State.

          -
 ,      
  ,      
 .

   :

 ,      Jack says (that) he knows her well.
.

 ,     Jack says (that) he has seen that
 ,                    movie.

 ,   -  Jack says (that) he will meet her at
mum   ,              the party.


                                                  113


			   

           
:

1)     ,    
      -
 .                                .--.-.

   :

 :                      Ann said, ' have read this novel".

.:                    Ann said (that) she had read that
					novel.

            
,         
       -
  .     
        .

   :

1.  : "  -   said, "The elevator is out of
em".                              service."

 ,    -   said that the elevator was out of
em.                               service.

2.  : "   -   Ann said, "I live in Boston."
".

 ,      Ann said that she lived in Boston.
.

3.  : "    She said, "We often go to the
 ",                          movies."

 ,      She said (that) they often went to
 .                           the movies.

4.  : "   -   Linda said, "We are going to the
",                               movies."

 ,     -   Linda said (that) they were going to
.                                 the movies.

5.  : " -  John said, "The Smiths have moved
 -",                 to Los Angeles."

5. . 3179. . Koc


114                                            


 ,   -  John said (that) the Smiths had
  -,             moved to Los Angeles.

6.  : "   Mary said, " called me lust
  ",                  night."

 ,     Mary said (that)   had called her
  .                     last night.

7.   : "     Joe said to me: "I will be back in an
",                          hour."

  ,      Joe told me tliul he would be back in
,                         an hour.

8.   : "  -  Ann said to John, "I can't go to the
     ",          movie with you."

  ,     Ann told John that she couldn't go to
     .       the movie with him.

9.  : "  -    said, "I have to finish my
    ",  composition by two o'clock."

 ,    -    said (that) he had to finish his
    ,      composition by two o'clock.

10.  : "     Eva said, "I had left home before the
 ,   ",  telegram came."

 ,     -  Eva said (that) she had left home
  ,   -  before the telegram came.
.

       10,      
        ,  
       .  -
     "said"  .
simple past  to declare (), to assure (),
to remark ()  . .

   :

 said, "The translation is rather difficult."
He remarked that the translation was rather difficult.

				* * *

          ,  
     
 .


                                                 115


         
         -
   .      
   .    
     ,    -
     whether ( (/').   
     "":

He asked me whether (if) I lived in     ,     -
Broonklyn.                           .

          
   : --
  .

:

1.   : " ?"   asked me, "Do you smoke?"
  ,   .        asked me whether (if) I smoked.

2.   : "   I asked Mary, "Do you like to go
 ?"                shopping?"

  ,    -  I asked Mary whether (if) she liked
 ,                     to go shopping.

3.   : "  -   I asked him, "Do you take a walk
  ?"        every evening':'"

  ,     I asked him whether (if) he look a
  ,            walk every evening.

4.   : "   Jack asked me, "Can you swim?"
?"

  ,    -  Jack asked me whether (if) I could
.                             swim.

5.   : "    I asked my teacher, "May I talk to
 ?"                you?"

  , '     I asked my teacher whether (if) I
 ,                   might talk to him.

6.   : " (-  John asked me,"Are you going to the
)   ?"              coffee shop?"

  ,     -   John asked me whether (If) I was
.                                 going to the cofee shop.

7. -  : " -   Mr. Smith asked. "Did you mail thut
  ?"                 letter for me?"


116                                            


-  ,     Mr. Smith asked whether (if) I had
 ,                         mailed that letter for him.

8.   : "   I asked my father, "Has the
?"                           neighbour returned the book?"

  ,     I asked my father whether (if) (he
,                             neighbour had returned the book.

9.   : "  -   asked me, "Will you go to Boston
    ?" next week?"

  ,     -   asked me whether (if) I would go
   ,          to Boston next week.

    ,      -
 : who, what, whose, where, when, which, why, how  . 
       -
  (- ) 
    .

:

1.   : "    Linda asked me, "Who is in charge
        of this office?"
()?"

  ,  -   Linda asked me who was in charge
  ,         of that office.

2.   : "-   asked the salesman, "How
    -  much does this typewriter cost?"
?"

  ,    asked the salesman how much
   , that typewriter cost.

3.   : "   Bob asked me, "Where does Jane
?"                         live?"

  ,    Bob asked me where Jane lived.
.

4.   : "  Ann asked me, "Where are you
 ?"                      going?"

  ,   .   Ann asked me where I was going.

5.   : " -  I asked my teacher, "What does
  ?"                  this word mean?"

  ,    I asked my teacher what that word
 ,                        meant.


    					117


6.  : "  	Mary asked, "Why do you smoke
  ?" 		so much?"

 ,    Mary asked me why I smoked so
 . 			much.

7.   : "  	Jimmy asked her, "Who called you
   ?" 	an hour ago?"

  ,   - 	Jimmy asked her who had called
   , 		her an hour ago.

8.   : " 	Bob asked Linda, "Why didn't you
      	tell me anything about that
   	magnificent concert at Carnegie
  ?" 		Hall?"

  ,   	Bob asked Linda why she hadn't
      	told him anything about that
   - magnificent concert at Carnegie
 . 			Hall.

9.   : " -  asked me, " When will Mr.
 - ?" 			Johnson come back?"

  ,  - 	m asked me when Mr. Johnson
 - , 		would come back.

10.   : "  	Eve asked me, "Where will you
  ?" 	spend your vacation?"

  ,    	Eve asked me where I would spend
 , 				m vacation.


118                                            


			 

         -
 .     ,
   if (),   .

         -
 : 1)  ,   ; 2) -
 ,   ; 3)  , -
  ; 4)  ,   
   ,   ( -
) -      .

1)  ,   

         -
  simple present (       ),
     simple future.

   :

If the weather is nice tomorrow      -
we'll go to the beach,              , .  () 
.

    

1. If you study hard, you will pass      -
your examinations,                 	 (.: ), 
					 ..

2. If I see Ann. I will ask her to call     ,   
you.                               .

3. I'll drop in later if anything new     ,   -
comes up.                          - .

4. ff we hurry, we'll get to the movie    ,  -
 time.                             .

5. If it does not snow tomorrow,      , 
we'll drive to Princeton.                .

          -
  .      
   -  .


                                               119


     :

If people work hard, they usually go  	   
to bed early,                      	,    
					.

If I went to bed late, I usually felt       , 
tired the next day.                  	    -
					  .

   II)  ,    ( )

          
simple past,      would (could) + infinitive.
      to he,  -
      were
(  ).

    

1. If people drove more carefully.      
there would be fewer accidents,      ,   -
  .

2. If you went to bed earlier, you      
would not feel so tired,            ,     -
					   ()  
					().

3. If I had enough lime, I would fly       -
t San Francisco,                  	 ,     -
					.

4. If I knew her well, I would call       ,  
her at home.                         .

5. If I had $50.000, I could travel       50.000 -
around the world,                  	,     -
					 .

6. If Boris knew English better, he       -
could get a good job.              	,    
					 .

7. If Boris knew English better, he       -
would get a good job.              	,    
					.

  	" ..."    should +
Infinitive.


120                                              


   :

If you decided to write him a letter.       
you should do it as soon as  		 ,    
possible,                          	   
					.

1. If I were you, I would study  	      ,
computer science,                  	    -
					 .

2. If Michael were here, he would      , 
help you find a job.                    .

3. If they were really need, they  	    -
would get welffare.                	,     -
					  .

III)  ,    

         -
  past perfect,      would have (
could have) + past participle (  ) 
.

   :

If the Smiths had invited me, 1       -
would have gone to yesterday's  ,     
party,                             .

        ,  
     .   -
     ,   , 
   ,   ,    -
 ()   ,    -
         .  -
         .

          -
    .

    

1. If I had known youf address, I       
would have written to you.          ,    .

2. if I had got a pay raise, I would      
not have looked for another job.     ,     (. . 
)  .


                                              121


3. If it had not rained last night.        
we would have visited our friends,  	,   . 
					.

4. If I had a car last summer. I  	     
would have gone to the beach every  	 ,    
Sunday,                          	  .

5. If George had come on time, hf      -
could have helped me.             ,     .

6. If you had known it was going to     ,  
rain, you should have taken an 		,     
umbrella with you.                	 .

   IV)     

          
,   ( )    ( -
)  .

:

1. If I had mailed the letter   	     -
yesterday, you would receive it  	pa,     .
tomorrow.

2. If you had studied English  		      -
before you came here, you could get  	 ,   
a good job at a publishing house,  	    -
					.

3. If I had got a pay raise a year  	    
ago, I would be better off at  		   ,  -
present.                           	     -,
					.

4. If you had not called Jim, every-   .    ,
thing would be O.K. now.               .

          if.
       , . .
   (    ,  
  ).

   :

If I were there, I would help him.   	    ,   
					.

Were I there. I would help him.   	  ,    .

122                                            

If he had been a US citizen, he      
would have got this federal job.     ,    
					 .

Had he been a US citizen, he would      -
have got this federal job.           ,    /
					 .


SIMPLE PRESENT                                           123


		SIMPLE PRESENT  
			IF, WHEN, UNTIL

     ,    ,
   simple present,       -
 (      
).       
simple future.

   :	if ();
				until (   ; );
				when ();
				as soon as ( );
				before ( ,   );
				unless ( ,  );
				as long as (   : );
				while (   , ).

    

1. If it rains next Sunday, we will     
stay at home and watch television,  	 ,   -
					    -
					 .

2. if you prepare well, you will pass     ,
your examination,                  	  .

3. I will stay with the si'cfe man     ,  
until the doctor arrives,              .

4. Mary won't start to type the      -
letter until the manager comes,  	,    -
					.

5. When the water temperature  		   -
rises, we can go swimming to the  , .   -
.                               (.:  ).

6. When Jack arrives at Kennedy       -
Airport, he will call us.              . ,   -
					.

7. As soon as I receive Bob's letter,       
I will let you know.                	() ,    .

124					  

8. I will give him your book as soon 	    , 
as I see him. 				   .

9. I'll watch the child while you 	   , 
sleep, 					 .

10. If the telephone rings while the 	  , 
secretary is out, Linda will answer 	   ( -
it. 					),  .

11. I'll call my wife before I arrive 	  ,   
in Philadelphia, 			  .

12. I'll write down your address 	     ,
right now before I forget it. 		    .

13.  will turn off the. radio before 	     
he leave the house, 			  .

14. You won't finish the translation 	    -
 time unless you work hard. 		,     -
					.

15. Unless the traffic is very heavy. 	    
we'll arrive by ten o'clock, 		,    
					.

16. I won't go to the party unless 	    , 
Mrs. Smith invites me. 			-    .

17. We will stay in this resort as 	    -
long as the weather keeps fine. 	me,    .

18. I'll leave for Miami as soon as 	   , 
the sun rises, 				  .


                                                       125


			 

          
.     ,   
       .
        (), -
       -
 .        
.

          
     .

   :

You can still catch Ann. She left      .
just now.                    		   . : 
					   ...

           -
.        .

Ann can still catch you.                
					(  ).

         -
 :

1) . 2)  . 3)  .
4)  . 5) .

1) Subject. 2) Verb. 3) Indirect Object. 4) Direct Object. 5) Adverbial
Modifiers.

   :

Waitresses offered the visitors free     
coffee at the entrance,                .

            
.

   :

At the age of fifteen, John went to    
San Francisco.                    	    -
					.


126                                            


John went to Sun Francisco ill the      -
age of fifteen,                        -
					.

        
.

   :

Jack went to Boston last week.          
 .

 has been living in New York for     - -
Iwenly years,                      .

     ,    (often  -
: rarely, seldom  ; usually  ; never  : ever 
-; occasionally  : always    .),   -
     ( 
 to he).

   :

John always comes to his lesson      -
late.        				.

lohn usually comes to /iis lesson      -
late.                              .

John never comes to his lesson      
late.                              .

 is always late for class.             -
					.

 is usually late for class.             -
					.

 is never late for class.              
					.

    ,   ,   
.

   :

Occasionally I meet John al the      
library,                            .

           
,      .


                                                        127


   :

Linda arrived unexpectedly at four      -
o'clock in the morning,                .

         
 ,  ,    -
    .

   :

John has been suddenly called     
back to Washington, D.C.          .

         
   .
   :

 read the article attentively.         .
She bore the pain patiently.            .

        ,  -
  ,  ,  (  
)  , . .    .

   :

The great gate opened slowly.         -
					.

The great gate slowly opened.         -
					.

Slowly the great gate opened.          -
					.



			

      ,    -
 .    ,  
  .   :

   1)    .   -
      ,  
      .

   :

Where do you live?                  ?
Can you help me?                    ?


128                                             


Do you drive?                      ?
Have you seen Victor?               ?

        ,   
   to be.

   :

Is your father at home?              ?
Are you tired?                     ?

       to be     -
   ( present perfect, past perfect, future).

   :

Will you be at home tonight?           ?
Have you ever been in Europe?       -  ?

   2)  there is/there are.

   :

There are no cigarettes on the      .
table.

There is a coffee shop across the      
street,                            .

Is there a letter in the mailbox?         ?

Are there many subway trains for     -
Brooklyn?                           ?

   3)   .

   :

Be it so!                           !

How dreadful is this place!            !

And so say all of you!                !

   4)      if,   
 were, had, could, should.

   :

Should any emergency arise, I will     
let you know.                     (.:   
					),    .

Had I know about it before, 1        ,
would have come to see you.            .


                                                       129

			 

       . .  
    .    
    ,  
   .      -
      .

   :

What are you looking at?             ?

What country do you come from?     ?

Whom do you wish to speak to?        ?

Which magazine are you looking     ?
for?

Which restaurant do you want to go      
to?	                             ?

Whom does this ring belong to?        ?

What are you going to use the      -
money for?              	      ?

Whom are you speaking about?        ?

Which room do we have our lesson      ?
in?

			* * *

        
 which, whom, that,   
 ,    ,   
    (      
   ). -
   ,  -
    ,    
 ( ,     ).

   :

The book (which) we were speaking  ,    ,
about was written by a young  		   -
author.                          	.

130                                            


The carpenter (whom) I told you  	 ,   
about has come.                   	 .

Tlie room (that) he lives in is very  	,    ,
small,                            	 .

Tlie clerk I spoke to was wry polite.   ,    ,
					  .

It was Mary I had to wait so long  	  ,  
for.                             	   .

Ann is Ihc secretary I spoke to.     	 () ,  -
					  .

The lawyer you should speak to is  	,    -
Mr. Brown,                       	  ,  -
					.

I know the person you must deal  	  ,  
with.                             	   .

That is the store I lost my wallet in.	 ,    -
					  .

It was Linda he borrowed the		  ,   
money from.				  .


   			131


			 
			  


	I am 			I'm
	you are 		you're
	he is			he's
	she is 			she's
	it is 			it's
	that is 		that's
	there is 		there's
	who is 			who's
	what is 		what's
	we are 			we're
	you are 		you're
	they are 		they're
	is not 			isn't
	are not 		aren't
	was not 		wasn't
	were not 		weren't
	do not 			don't
	does not 		doesn't
	did not 		didn't
	I will 			I'll
	you will 		you'll
	will not 		won't
	I would 		I'd
	you would 		you'd
	would not 		wouldn't
	should not 		shouldn't
	can not 		can't
	could not 		couldn't
	must not 		mustn't
	I have (gone) 		I've (gone)
	you have (gone) 	you've (gone)
	he has (gone) 		he's (gone)
	she has (gone) 		she's (gone)
	if has (gone) 		it's (gone)
	have not (gone) 	haven't (gone)
	I had (gone) 		I'd (gone)
	you had (gone) 		you'd (gone)
	had not (gone) 		hadn't (gone)


132 					  


			IRREGULAR VERBS


	Infinitive form 	Past tense 	Past participle

	be 			was, were 	been
	beat 			beat 		beaten
	become 			became 		become
	begin 			began 		begun
	bite 			bit 		bitten
	break 			broke 		broken
	bring 			brought 	brought
	build 			built 		built
	burn 			burnt 		burnt
	buy 			bought 		bought
	catch 			caught 		caught
	choose 			chose 		chosen
	come 			came 		come
	cost 			cost 		cost
	cut 			cut 		cut
	do 			did 		done
	drink 			drank 		drunk
	drive 			drove 		driven
	eat 			ate 		eaten
	fall 			fell 		fallen
	feel 			felt 		felt
	fight 			fought 		fought
	find 			found 		found
	fly 			flew 		flown
	forbid 			forbade 	forbidden
	forget 			forgot 		forgotten
	freeze 			froze 		frozen
	get 			got 		got
	give 			gave 		given
	go 			went 		gone
	grow 			grew 		grown
	have 			had 		had
	hear 			heard 		heard
	hide 			hid 		hidden
	hit 			hit 		hit
	hurt 			hurt 		hurt
	keep 			kept 		kept
	know 			knew 		known
	know 			knew 		known


IRREGULAR VERBS 								133


	learn 		learnt 		learnt
	leave 		left 		left
	lend 			lent 		lent
	let 			let 		let
	light 		lit 		in
	lose 			lost 		lost
	make 			made 		made
	mean 			meant 	meant
	meet 		met 		met
	pay 		paid 		paid
	put 		put 		put
	read 		read 		read
	ride 		rode 		ridden
	ring 		rang 		rung
	run 		ran 		run
	say 		said 		said
	see 		saw 		seen
	sell 		sold 		sold
	send 		sent 		sent
	shine 		shone 		shone
	shoot 		shot 		shot
	show 		showed 		shown
	shut 		shut 		shut
	sing 		sang 		sung
	sit 		sat 		sat
	sleep 		slept 		slept
	smell 		smelt 		smelt
	speak 		spoke 		spoken
	spend 		spent 		spent
	stand 		stood 		stood
	steal 		stole 		stolen
	swim 		swam 		swum
	take 		took 		taken
	teach 		taught 		taught
	tear 		tore 		torn
	tell		told 		told
	think 		thought 	thought
	throw 		threw 		thrown
	wake 		woke 		woken
	wear 		wore 		worn
	win 		won 		won
	write 		wrote 		written


			


 ...........................................   5
 ...............................................   7
  ...................................  13
  ....................................  17
      ...........  21
   ..............................................  30
   ................................  78
 ...............................................  90
 ..............................................  94
 THERE IS/THERE ARE ........................  99
  ............................ 103
  ........................................ 107
   ................ 110
    ............................... 113
  .................................. 118
SIMPLE PRESENT   IF, THEN, UNTIL ........... 123
  .......................................... 125
  ....................................... 129
     ... 131
Irregular verbs ....................................... 132



			 
			 
		   

		 . 
		  . 
		.  . 
		.  . 

	   04.12.91.    07.02.92. 
	6090'/|,  .  . 
	. . . . 9,0. .-. . 8,32.  100000 .
	  3179.  .
	, 1992.

	     -
	 . . 214020. , . -
	, 1.
