  ,   ,    ,  ,  
 ,      .   , 
  .

          -
  .       ,
    .     
       .   
   ,     .  
        .    
.          -
   .     
       ,    
        . 
        -
  .

,      ,   -
 .      ,
    .

 1                              2

         

:          : ...

...
  ...              ...

               :  
  ...
 

,     (, advisory) 
 (, voluntary).     
,     . 
   ,      
 .         -
      .

   ""  "".   
Linux     .  -
         ,  
 (   , contended lock).  
 ,     , 
      (busy wait2),     -
          ,  -
  .

 , "" (spin)   ,    .
f

168                                                                    8