________________1.3.      ___79

    (,   DECnet  Digital
Equipment    OPEN LOOK  Unix- 
Sun);

     ,  
,    ,  
   Forum,   100 -
 ,    Fast Ethernet Alliance   -
 100  Ethernet;

  , ,  FDDI,   
 ,    -
  (ANSI),     
,     
(NCSC)   ;

  , ,     -
     (ISO), 

    (ITU),    

     .25,  frame relay, ISDN,   

.

 ,  ,     -
  .  ,    , 
 ,     -
,         
,        
. , -    
 IBM     IBM PC  -
  -.

 ,      
       -.
,  Ethernet,    Digital
Equipment, Intel  Xerox,        
     IEEE 802.3,    ISO
      ISO 8802.3.

     ,    
      .

     (International Organization for
Standardization, ISO,    International Standards Organization)
       -
  .   ISO   -
   OSI,      -
      .  -
   OSI       -
  OSI.

    (International Telecommunications Union, ITU) 
,      
  .     -
        