1.3.            83

           
 .        
  ,    -
     ,    -
 .

-    OSI    -
   ,      
 ,      .

 OSI  ,    . 
      GOSIP,   
   ,    -
   1990 ,      OSI
         .    
OSI    ,   ,      
 ,     .  -
       OSI,    -
    .  ,     , 
 -     NFSNET.   
,  OSI,   AT&T,   Stargroup
    .

 TCP/IP

 TCP/IP        
20       ARPAnet    
      .  
   TCP/IP,       -
 IP  TCP,   ,      -
  UNIX.       
  TCP, IP    .  
        Internet,
      .

 TCP/IP        -
   :      Ethernet, Token Ring,
FDDI,          -
  SLIP, ,    .25  ISDN.

  ,   ,  
IP  TCP.      OSI    
  . IP    
 , a TCP    .

          
TCP/IP        .  
   ,     FTP,
   telnet,   SMTP,  
   Internet,    WWW  
.

  TCP/IP      
    . ,  