108     1      

13.        ,   -
   ,     -
 ,     ?  ?
 D?

14.    ?    .

15.         -
       .

16.    OSI?

17.    OSI?

18.    OSI  ?

19.          -
      OSI.

20.       ?

21.       Ethernet  Token
Ring?

22.        -
   ,    
   :

TCP/IP, Microsoft, IPX/SPX, Novell, Internet, DoD, NetBIOS/SMB, DECnet.

23.           ?
   ?

24.      
?

25.      :   -
?

26.     ,   -
   :

 availability;

 fault tolerance;

 security;

 extensibility;

 scalability;

 transparency.