5.1.              357

          -
,      (     ) 
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             -
 .

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.         -
 ,         
   ,       -
     ,     -
   ,      . 
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  .

  ,   --
 ,   RIP,     -
  RIP IP,    IP,  RIP IPX,   
IPX.

      -
,       .  -
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    .  
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  .       
  : , .

 ,      ,   
,      HELLO
   .      , 
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  .

,     ,  -
 IS-IS (Intermediate System to Intermediate System)  OSI, OSPF (Open
Shortest Path First)  TCP/IP     NLSP 
Novell.

5.1.5.  

   -     -
,       (, IPX. .
AppleTalk  DECnet),       
    , ,  ,    ^
.

      3   ! ^ 
  OSI (. 5.3).