             , 
     .  
         
    :

    int sum(int a,  int b,  int  = 0,  int d = 0);

      sum()       ,   
     .     
          
.        d,     
,    .    :

    cout  sum(1,  2);		//  == 1,  b == 2,    == 0,  d == 
    cout  sum(1.  2,  3);	//  == 1,  b == 2,   == 3,  d == 
    cout  sum(1,  2, 3, 4);	//  == 1, b == 2,  == 3, d == 4

     12.14        
.        
  ,      .
   CenterO -    :

    *** Error: You goofed big time! **** < Press any key to continue >

     CENTER. CPP   12.14  Easy Win- 
DOS-.     ,  
  CenterO,    
  .

     12.14.  CENTER.CPP (    )

    1:      #include <iostream.h>
    2:      #include <string.h>
    3:
    4:      #define SIZE 128
    5:
    6:      void Center(const char *instr, char outstr,
    7:                           int width = 0, char IFill = '-', char rFill = '-');
    8:
    9:      main()
    10:     {
    11:     char instr[SIZE]; //  
    12:     char outstr[SIZEJ; //  
    13:     int length; //    
    14:
    15:     cout  "Enter a string:";
    16:     cin.getline(instr, SIZE / 2);
    17:     length = strlen(instr);
    18:
    19:     Center(instr, outstr);
    20:     cout  outstr  '\n';
    21:     Center(instr, outstr, length + 8);
    22:     cout  outstr  '\n';
    23:     Center(instr, outstr, length + 16, '*', '*');
    24:     cout  outstr  '\n';
    25:     Center(instr, outstr, 78, '<', '>');
    26:     cout  outstr  '\n';
    27:
    28:     return 0;
    29:     }
    30:
    31:     // instr:    
    32:     // outstr:    
    33:     // width:     
    34:     // fill:     
    35:
    36:     void Center(const char *instr,  char *outstr,
    37:                           int width, char IFill, char rFill)
    38:     {
    39:     if (outstr == 0) //      
    40:        return;           //   -  
    41:
    42:     if (instr == 0) { //    ,
    43:          *outstr = 0; //   
    44:                             //  . }
    45:          return;
    46:     }
    47:     //  .    



    296      III.   ANSI C++ 
