      -    ( )   ( ) 
    .   cout    
 .   cin    .   
         . 
          
-   get().      
    cin.get()  cin.getlineO. 
-  .       C++  
 (.  13). 
               
   -,  cout.width().   
,       
  dec, hex  oct.     
  ( ,  sprintf )       
 . 
      C++         . 
,        for.  
    ,    . 
,       .   
     ,     
 .       
 ::,      .   
  count,   ::count    . 
          C++   
 const  #define    .   
        
   .  , Turbo Debugger  
,    const,   #define.   
, ,     ,    
     .  ,   
 ,   C++, ,  #define  
 ,     . 
            
  ..       , 
   ,     , 
   . ,    inline, 
 register,    ,    
.    ,    . 
(     ,   
  .) 
              
  new  delete.    C++  new  
delete      ,  
malloc(), calloc(), free()  .        
  C++. ,  new, ,    
delete. ,     malloc(),   
 free(). 
         .     
       ,     
   .       
   ,  DrawCircle  DrawEllipse.    
      . 
,           ! 
               
  .        
 ,    . 
    ,    &,   .    
,      ,    
   (   ),    
       . 
          ,  
   ,    .  , 
   -,     .  
,        .  
        , 
          . 

     

    12.1.   -,  -, 
    . 
    12.2.   12.4 ,      ,  
      . 


     12.   C++     303 
