     C++     typedef-.   
   

    struct mystruct { 
    } ;

     mystruct x;.    
  ANSI ,    struct mystruct x;   
typedef   mystruct. 


     ANSI      int,   sizeof('X') 
 sizeof(int).  C++     char,  
 sizeof('X')  sizeof(char). 

    C++   ANSI   ,   BCPL  
  .   C++    
.      / /   .  

/ 
    cout  '\n';	//      
/ 

    cout.put(c); 
    cout.put(); 
    cin.get(c); 
    cin.good()
    cin.clear(); 
    cin.get(s, 25, '\n'); 
    cin.getline(buffer, 25); 
    cout.width(15);	//    15 

      ::count = 4321;     //     count

    const int count =1234; 
        
    count++;	// ??? 

    3:  inline int max(int a,   int b) 
    4:         { 
    5:            if (a >= b) 
    6:                 return a; 
    7:             else 
    8:                return b; 
    9:          } 


    double *dp = new double; 

    double *dp = new(double); 

    delete dp; 


     new     ,   0  
         NEW.H      
   main()         new: 

    set_new_handle(0); 


  ,      ,    , 
     ,          
     .     
,         .


    8:	  char *sp
    9:	  sp = new char[SIZE];
    13:	  delete[]	sp;


     13    . Borland C++ 
      :

    delete sp; // ???,    Borland C++

        C++,    
  delete[],  ,   ,  
 . ( Borland C++      , 
   ,    .)
       C++       
.  C++  2.0, ,  15    delete(SIZE]
sp;. Borland C++  SIZE       
    delete.


     3:     #define COUNT 100 //   
    10:     array = new int[COUNT];
    21:     delete[] array;


    int (*matrix)[20]; 
      matrix,      20 .   
    (*matrix),     
  ,    *. 
     
 10x20      matrix,    : 

    matrix = new int[10][20]; 


    int (*matrix)[8][8]; 
    matrix = new int[8][8][8]; 

             
 ,       . , 
   v  40,    

    int (*matrix)[20]; 
    matrix = new int[v][20]; 

    
  ,       : 

    delete[] matrix; 


    Draw(ellipse); 
    Draw(circle); 
    Draw(square); 
    Draw(line); 
         ,   
.  C++         , 
      .  "", 


     .  
         
    :
    int sum(int a,  int b,  int  = 0,  int d = 0);
            
    .        d,   
  


    C++         
 .   ,   , , 
 ,    , ,    , 
    alter ego (" ").     
   .
    ,  ,    ,   
  . 
          . ,   
      ,    
          :  
 ,     .  REFVAL.CPP  
       ,       
.  7,  ,      
    int &iref;       // ??? 
       ,      
      (   
   ),     .  
     . 

            

       ,      
  .        
  ,     . 

         gj ,  , 
    ,       
 .
    ,   ,    , 
  .
    void f(int *ip) 
    *ip = 1234; 

    void f(int &ir) 
    ir = 1234; 

    f(ivar);   //  ivar   

     12.17       
   .     

    10:	double &ref(int index); 
    11:	void ShowArray(void); 
    12: 
    13:	double array[SIZE]; 
    14: 
    15:	main() 
    16:	{ 
    17:	int done = FALSE, index; 
    18:	char buffer[BUFLEN]; 
    19: 
    20:	for (index = 0; index < SIZE; index++) 
    21:	   ref(index) = index; //   ! 

    37:	double &ref(int index) 
    38:	{ 
    39:	  if ((index < 0) | | (index >= SIZE)) 
    40:	    index = 0; 
    41:	  return array[index]; //	     
    42:	} 

    ,    &,   .    
,      ,    
   (   ),    
       . 
          ,  
   ,    .  , 
   -,     .  
,        .  
        , 
          . 
