     

           
   ,      
       
  .       
 ,         
 ,    -       
  .  1968    (Ascher Opier),      
 IBM       , 
   .   ,  
  ,    ,   
  .     IBM    
    " "   
,          
,      . 
      " "    
   .      
          IBM. 
             
      . 
       ,    ,  
,  ,  ,   
.       ,   
    . 
            
.         
     ,     
    . 
      
    
    6 

      
    . .  (C.J. Date)   ,   , 
     .    , 
. . 
      1967      -  
     Leo Computers Ltd. (, 
).       IBM (UK) Development 
Laboratories        PL/I.  1974   
    IBM Systems Development Center,    
   ,   Unified Database Language, UDL. 
         
 IBM      SQL/DS (  1981 
  VSE   1983   VM)  DB2 (  1983   MVS).  
 1983    IBM. 
           25 .     
        .. 
 (E.F. Codd).       ( 
         )   
 ,    , ,      
.   ,       : An 
Introduction to Database Systems: Volume II (1983),    
   ; Database: A Primer (1983),   
     ; Relational Database: 
Selected Writings (1986), Relational Database Writings, 1985-1989 (1990)  
Relational Database Writings, 1989-1991 (1992),    
    ;    
   : A Guide to DB2 (4th edition, 1993),  Guide to 
SYBASE and SQL Server (1992), A Guide to SQL/DS (1988), A Guide to INGRES 
(1987), A Guide to the SQL Standard, (3th edition, 1993)  .   
   ,     , , , 
, , , , ,   . 
       100       
     .      
 Database Programming & Design,      
   (    ,    ) 
        . 

    7 


        

             
 ,           
.       , 
  : 
      Transactions on Database Systems (TODS),    
 700   ; 
      SIGMOD Record,     250   ; 
        Annual  SIGMOD International 
Conference on Management of Data  450   ; 
        Annual  S1GACT-SIGMOD Symposium on 
Principles of Database Systems  350   ; 
        Annual International Conference on Very 
Large Data Bases (VLDB)   650   ; 
     The VLDB Journal,     450   . 
           
  ,   CAD/CAM,    
,  /, -   ..  
,      ,  300-350 
 ...      
    ...  , 
      ,    
( ,     )... 
  ,   Data Base Newsletter, Database Review, 
InfoDB, Database Programming & Design  ..,  ..    
     ...   ,  
 Database World  DB/Expo,      
...      ,  
  ,  ,  ,  18 
...   ,       
" "     ,        
  100  .     ,    
    . 

    8                                               

      ,  ,     ,  
     ,  ,    , 
            
.     ,   
" "       ; 
  ()     ,  
       .     
          
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(            ); 
              . 
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 . 
        . 
    I.  . 
    II.  . 
    III.   . 
    IV.  . 
    V.  . 
    VI. - .  ,   , 
   . 
      I ( )         
       . 
      II ( )      :     
.   ,    
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      SQL. 
      III ( )       . 

        9 

      IV ( )      
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    . 
             ,    
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             . 
,  [4.1]         4. 

           
      (Bertrand 
Russell)    The Bertrand Russell Dictionary of Mind, Matter and 
Morals (ed. Lester E. Denonn), Citadel Press, 1993 (   
  ): 
          ...     
  .    ,   1900 , 
 ,        ?.. 
,       ,    , 
   ,   ,    
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               ,   
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    ... 

    10     

        ,      ,  
  .  ,    . 
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,         .  ,  
         
.      ,    
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     . 

        11 


     

          ,     
      .   ,   
        
  .  ,      
         .    
  :   (Nagraj Alur),   (Marilyn Bohl), 
  (Charley Bontempo),   (Daniel Cooke),   
(Hugh Darwen) (   (Andrew Warden)),   (David 
Embley),   (Henry Etiinger),   (Bill Grosky),  
 (Tim Hartley),   (Sebastian Hoist),   (Torn 
Johnston),   (Won Kirn),   (Roger King),   (Adrian 
Lamer),   (Tim Martyn),   (Nelson Mattos),  
- (David McGoveran),   (Jim Panttaja),   
(Fabian Pascal),   (Amie Rosenthal),   (Sharon 
Salveter),   (Martin Solomon),   (Alan Tharp),   
(Colin White),   (Paul Winsberg)    (Salih Yurttas). 
   ,   ,    , 
    -       
  .      .  
      (Hugh Darwen)   
- (David McGoveran)      
 .       (Lindy) 
    .  ,       
 Addison-Wesley      (Lynne Doran Cote)  
  (Katherine Harutunian)        
  ,       (Elydia Davis)   
 . 

    . .  ,  


     I 

      

     I    . 
          :      
     .       
      . 
               
     ANSI/SPARC.     
    . 
              
          
  .        
  SQL    . 

    13 


     1 

       

    1.1.   

       (database system)  ,  ,   ,  
   .      
    , ..    
      (  "" 
   ,      
    ).    
        
, : 
           ; 
          ; 
          ; 
         ; 
         ; 
          , ..    . 
        . 1.1    , 
       CELLAR ().    
     .  . 1.2   
      (,  ;   
    ,      ). 

    BIN	WINE			PRODUCER		YEAR	BOTTLES	READY 

    2		Chardonnay		Buena Vista		92	1		94 
    3		Chardonnay		Geyser Peak		92	5		94 
    6		Chardonnay		Stonestreet		91	4		93 
    12	Jo. Riesling	Jekel			93	1		94 
    21	Fume Blanc		Ch. St. Jean	92	4		94 
    22	Fume Blanc		Robt. Mondavi	91	2		93 
    30	Gewurztraminer	Ch. St. Jean	93	3		94 
    43	Cab. Sauvignon	Windsor		86	12		95 
    45	Cab. Sauvignon	Geyser Peak		89	12		97 
    48	Cab. Sauvignon	Robt. Mondavi	88	12		99 
    50	Pinot Noir		Gary Farrell	91	3		94 
    51	Pinot Noir		Sterrroler		88	3		95 
    52	Pinot Noir		Dehlinger		90	2		93 
    58	Merlot		Clos du Bois	89	9		95 
    64	Zinfandel		Lytton Spring	89	9		98 
    72	Zinfandel		Rafanelli		90	2		98 
    
    . 1.1.   ( CELLAR) 


    .        (. . 1.2)  
    ,      
 .     . 


    14  I.   

     . 1.3     (INSERT),  
(UPDATE)   (DELETE)     .   
   . ,   3  4,    
   . 
    : 

    SELECT WINE, BIN, PRODUCER 
    FROM  CELLAR 
    WHERE READY = 95 ;

     (, ,   ):____________ 

    | WINE                   | BIN            | PRODUCER              | 
    Cab. Sauvignon           43               Windsor 
    Pinot Noir               51               Sternrnler 
    Merlot____________ 58_________ Clos du Bois_______ 

    . 1.2.      


      : 

    INSERT 
    INTO   CELLAR ( BIN, WINE, PRODUCER, YEAR, BOTTLES, READY ) 
    _____VALUES ( 53, 'Pinot Noir', ' Saintsbury', 92, 1, 96 ) ; 

      : 

    UPDATE CELLAR 
    SET    BOTTLES = 4 
    WHERE BIN = 3 ; 

      : 

    DELETE 
    FROM  CELLAR 
    WHERE BIN = 2 ; 

    . 1.3.   ,    


         . 
     -,     ,   CELLAR  
 ,   ,    (,  
  ,        ). 
     -,     (record)  (  
          , 
   ).     (field) 
  .      ""  
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     -,  , ,   ,  
 . 1.2  1.3,     SELECT, INSERT, UPDATE  
DELETE    ,  SQL. SQL   ,  
       
   ;  ,     
       (      
 ).  SQL   ,   
Structured Query Language (  ),    
  "". ,    , SQL   
  ,  ,    "--".  
        . 

     1.                                           15 


    1.2.      

       ,       
  ; ..   ,   
        .   
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    . 
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       ). 

        () 


    . 1.4.      


     

            (  
),     .   ,  , 
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    .  ,    
 (" ")   ,   
    (" "),  , . 
  (single-user system)   ,    
            

    16  I.   

      ;   (multi-user 
system)  ,          
 .      . 1.4,     
,  ,   ,    ,   
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  EMPLOYEE,   , , , 
  ..,   ENROLLMENT,     
  (. 1.5). ,      
       .  
,         ENROLLMENT, 
         EMPLOYEE. 

    EMPLOYEE ENROLMENT 
    NAME | ADDRESS	DEPABMENT	SALARY 
    NAME | COURSE 
    
    . 1.5.  EMPLOYEE  ENROLLMENT 


            
        , 
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).   ,        
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        EMPLOYEE  
 ( )      
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   ).  ,     


     1.                                            17 

       -.   ,   
            
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        : 
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COBOL, PL/I   ,     Pascal.  
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    18                                                  I.   

        ,       
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     1.    19 

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    20                                                  I.   

    ,   . 1.6,  (  ) 
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       . 

    . 1.6,   / 


        ,   . 
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     1.    21 

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(: "       Zinfandel  Pinot Noir?"), 
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    22                                                  I.   

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     1,                                          23 

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    24                                                  I.   

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     1.                                          25 

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    26                                                  I.   

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     1.    27 

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    28                                                  I.   

        

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    ]                 [   j      

            
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        ,    70- ,   
,    (relational);  ,  
          25 
 

     1.                                          29 

     (, )   .   ,  
      ,   
         
.   ,   ,      
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  . 1.8,       CELLAR (  
    CELLAR  . 1.1,   ,    
  ).         
          . 1.8,6. 
    )  : CELLAR 

    WINE	YEAR	BOTTLES 

    Chardonnay Fume Blanc Pinet Noir Zinfandel	91 91 88 89	4 2 3 9 

    )   :1.  : : SELECT 
WINE, YEAR, BOTTLES FRCM CELLAR WHERE YEAR > 90 ;2.  : 
: SELECT WINE, BOTTLES FRCM CELLAR ; 

    WINE	YEAR	BOTTLES 

    Chardonnay Fume Blanc	91 91	4 2 

    WINE	BOTTLES 

    Chardonnay Fume Blanc Pinet Noir Zinfandel	4 2 3 9 
    

    . 1.8.        () 


    .       SELECT  SQL, 
    . 

    30  I.   

             
.   ,     , 
     .   , 
,  ,       
     .       
   . ,    
        
(),          
        . 
        .      
          
  ,    .  , 
 ()       ,  
:   ,   .  
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      : CA-DATACOM/DB  Computer 
Associates International Inc. (    DATACOM/DB  
Applied Data Research). 
     : IMS  IBM. 
    : CA-IDMS/DB  Computer Associates International Inc. ( 
   IDMS  Cullinet Software Inc.). 
           1970-  
1980- .      (1993 )   100, 
   200   ,   
      ,    
.   DB2  IBM; Rdb/VMS  Digital 
Equipment; ORACLE  Oracle; INGRES  Ingres Division of The 
ASK Group Inc.; SYBASE  Sybase Inc.   . 
            
"" ,         
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Servio, ObjectStore  Object Design  OpenODB  Hewlett-Packard. 
              
,  - . 

    1.7.  

            . 
-,        
  .       ( 

     1.    31 

       ),  ,  
 (    ,  ),   
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 SQL        .   
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    1.1.    :  ; , 
  ;  ;  ; 
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; ;  ; . 
    1.2.      ? 
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    1.4.     " "?   
    . 
    1.5.    SQL-    , 
  . 1.1: 
    a)         SELECT   WINE, PRODUCER 
    FRCM     CELLAR 
    WHERE   BIN = 72 ; 
    6)        SELECT   WINE, PRODUCER 
    FRCM     CELLAR 
    WHERE   YEAR > 91 ; 
    )         SELECT   BIN, WINE, YEAR 
    FRCM    CELLAR 
    WHERE    READY < 94 ; 
    32  I.   

    )         SELECT   BIN, WINE, YEAR 
    FRCM     CELLAR 
    WHERE    PRODUCER = 'Robt. Mondavi' 
    AND      BOTTLES > 6 ; 
    1.6.    SQL-    , 
  . 1.1: 
    a)         INSERT 
    INTO     CELLAR (BIN, WINE, PRODUCER, YEAR, BOTTLES, READY ) 
    VALUES (80, 'Syrah', 'Meridian', 89, 12, 94 ); 
    6)        DELETE 
    FROM    CELLAR 
    WHERE    READY > 95 ; 
    )        UPDATE   CELLAR 
    SET      BOTTLES = 5 
    WHERE    BIN = 50 ; 
    )         UPDATE   CELLAR 
    SET      BOTTLES = BOTTLES + 2 
    WHERE    BIN = 50 ; 
    1.7.   SQL        
 : 
    )    (BIN),       
  Geyser Peak; 
    )    (BIN),     ,  
    ; 
    )    (BIN)    ; 
    )    (BOTTLES)   (BIN)   30; 
    )    Chardonnay   ; 
    )     (12 ) Gary Farrell Merlot: 
  55,  91,   96. 
    1.8. ,       , 
  -,  / ,    
  ,      
 (, ),  (,  ),  
(,  ),  (.   
),  (, NYPO),   (,  
 )    (,  ).  
 /       . 1.6. 

        

    1.1.     :  ,  
  ..     " ",     
(, "          Y 
  ").    ,  ,  
  . ( .) 
    1.3.   . 
            . 

     1.    33 
    2      

          (  ). " 
    . 
    "        . 
          (  
      ). 
     , ,   (     
  ). 
    1.5. ) 
    WINE| PRODUCER 
    Zinfandel                Rafanelli 
    ) 
    WINE                      PRODUCER 
    Chardormay               Buena Vista 
    Chardonnay               Geyser Peak 
    Jo. Riesling              Jekel 
    Fume Blanc                Ch. St. Jean 
    Gewurztraminer            Ch. St. Jean 
    B) 
    BIN:| WINEYEAR 
    6                         Chardonnay        91 
    22                        rune Blanc         91 
    52                        Pinot Noir        90 
    ) 
    WINE| BIN| YEAR 
    Cab. Sauvigon             48                88 
    1.6. )    CELLAR    80   BIN; 
    )    CELLAR    45, 48, 64  72   BIN; 
    )   ( BOTTLES)     
   50   BIN; 
    )  ,   (). 
    1.7. a)         SELECT   BIN, WINE, BOTTLES 
    FRCM    CELLAR 
    WHERE    PRODUCER -- 'Geyser Peak' ; 
    6)         SELECT   BIN, WINE 
    FRCM    CELLAR 
    WHERE   BOTTLES > 5 ; 
    )         SELECT   BIN 
    FRCM    CELLAR 
    WHERE   WINE = 'Cab. Sauvignon' 
    OR      WINE = 'Pinot Noir' 
    OR      WINE = 'Zinfandel' 
    OR      WINE = 'Syrah'; 
    OR       .......; 


    34                                                  I.   


    ')         UPDATE   CELLAR 
    SET      BOTTLES = BOTTLES + 3 
    WHERE    BIN = 30 ; 
    )         DELETE 
    FRCM     CELLAR 
    WHERE   WINE = 'Chardonnay' ; 
    e)         INSERT 
    INTO     CELLAR (BIN, WINE, PRODUCER, YEAR, BOTTLES, READY ) 
    VALUES (55, 'Merlot', 'Gary FarrelL', 91, 12, 96 ); 


     1,    35 
