     2 

        

    2.1.  

    ,   ,      
.     ,      
.            
     ;    ,  
           
       
. , "" , ,     
 .   ,     
    (   );  , 
     ,  
  ANSI/SPARC Study Group on Data Management Systems 
(   ANSI/SPARC [2.1, 2.2]).    
     ANSI/SPARC. 
        . ,    (  
)         
   .      , 
 ,   ""      
, , ,   .     
    , ,    
.  ,      ,  , 
      ,     
,         . 

    2.2.    

     ANSI/SPARC   : ,   
 (. 2.1).       : 
           ,     
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 . 
            , ..    
     . 
          ""    . 
           
,        
.  ,     , 
          
   ,       
,        . 
(,        ,  
    .)     
,       . 

    36	 I.   

    .    ,     ,    
 ,   ,      ,   
 - ,     .
          :  . 2.2   
,         (  
  PL/I      COBOL)     . 
,           ,    
      .


. 2.1.   


  (PL/I)________		 (CCBOL)___________
DCL	1 ,			01 .
	2 EMPt CHAR(6),		02 EMPNO PIC X(6) . ________
	3 SAL FIXED BIN(31);	02  PIC X(4) .

_________
EMPLOYEE
EMPLOYEE_SIUMBER	CHARACTER   (6) 
DEPARTMENTJCMBER	CHARACTER   (4)
SALARY			NUMERIC          (5)

____________
STORED_EMP	LENTH=20
PREFIX		TYPE=BYTE(6),   	OFFSET=0 
EMP#                         TYPE=BYTE(6),   	OFFSET=6,   INDEX=EMPX 
DEPT#		TYPE=BYTE(4),   	OFFSET=12 
PAY		TYPE=FULLWORD,OFFSET=16

, 2.2.   


   .

           ,  
EMPLOYEE ().    EMPLOYEE     
EMPLOYEE_NUMBER ( ),   DEPARTMENT_NUMBER ( )  
 SALARY (  ).

          STORED_EMP,   
 .  STORED_EMP    :   
(,  -

 2.     37

 ,     )    , 
   .  ,  STORED_EMP 
   #  ,    .
       PL/I       ,  
'       PL/1,   
 (          
  ).       , 
  PL/1. 
           COBOL      
 ,         COBOL, 
     (     ).  
        COBOL    
  . 
     ,        
  . ,    : #  
 PL/1, EMPNO   COBOL, EMPLOYEE_NUMBER  
    #   . 
          ,    
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       . 
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   ,  ,     ,  
  (    ,  , 
    ,      
,     1). 
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" (  "") ,  ,  
    ,      
,     . (    
    .) 
      -,     ,   
       (),  , 
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   ( , , ,   
 ..).        
      ; ,     
 1,    ,     . 
        . 
   .  . 2.3     
  .          . 

    2.3.   

          .   
   1,       
      .  
      . (   
        
.      .) 

    38	 I.   

          . 
               
,   , COBOL  PL/1,    
 .     (!) 
     ,   ,  
   ,  COBOL,      
"",         
   ,        
  . 
             ,   
 , ,     ,  
        
 . 
       ,       , 
..    ,      
  .  ,      , 
         , 
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   if-then-else  ..     
       .  
  ,      
    SQL,       1.  
   SQL     ,   
   ,     COBOL. (    
  .) 
              
   ,       , 
     . ,    
, ,    .   
  ,    .    
  , ,    .    
     .     
       , 
, ,         
 (, ,   -);   
 ,        
       . 
               
         (data 
definition language DDL),      
  ,     (data manipulation language  
DML),         . 
,    PL/I (. . 2.2).   
      PL/1,   
    . 
            PL/1, 
      ,    DECLARE 
(DCL),    PL/1,     
 PL/1,    ,    
 PL/I. 
             PL/1, 
       ;  , ,  
  . 
    
     2,     39 


. 2.3.   

     2,     40


    .   PL/I        
      .    
,  ,      (   
   ,       
).   ,   PL/1,   
   ,      
      . 
      .   ,   
      ;  , 
      -   
     .    
 ANSI/SPARC     
 .  ,      
 ,      (..   
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" ". 
          , 
           
.          
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. 2.2)          
 ()     ..  ,  
        . 
      . 

    2.4.   

            
      (     
)       .  
       
 -  .  ,  
     ,  "    
",   ,       , , 
     . 

     2,    	41 

            
 . ,       
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  ..         
 ,   ,       . 
    .  ,       
    ,     
         [2.7]. 
,       ,  
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      .) 
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2.2).         
.    ,    
        
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,         
 COBOL ( - ).      
    ,    
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 ,        
           
,    ,    :    
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            .. 
[2.3].   ,       
    ,     
    ;     
" "      , 
         
     . ,  
    ""    . 

    2.5.   

         .  
        ;   
      .  " 
"   ANSI/SPARC   ,  
  (        
).    ,    ,  

    42	 I.   

       ,        
,     ,    
   ,     .  
,       
;  ,  "    
  ,        
   . 
          ,  
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,    ,   
   .. (       . 2.2). 
          
 . 
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 "  "  "  " . 
      ,       
,   ,    (    
  ),      ,   
  . ,     ;  
      (  
)   (   ),    
     ;      
        
    ,      
         . 

    2.6.  

     . 2.3        : 
         
.  -   
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 ,    -  
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 ,     . 

    1  ( )  -    , 
    ( )   () 
  .     1, 2  4 , 

     2.    	43 

     ,       
    (..    
-),        
 .   ,    
  .  ,       . 

    2.7.    

         1,   ()   , 
      ,    
,     ()   ,  
     .  ,  
       .   
    . 

        . 

      ,      
  , ..  ,    , 
  ,      .  
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.         
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()          
,   .  ( )   
      . 
    (        .   
    ,     
 .) 

        . 

         ,     
    .      
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  (..   ).  ,   
       
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( )        
,     (    ) 
   .    ,    
        . 

        . 

           , 
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  )       
   . (  ,   
     .)  , 
         
.          
  ,         
 .       
     . 

    44	 I.   

            
 ,   ,   
          
 . 

          . 

      ,       
  .      
      . 

           . 

             ,  
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 -      ,  
         
         
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            . 

       ,      ,  
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        . 
,        
 ,   ,     
.   ,       
 ( )     
    ,   
   . 
    ,       ,   
         . 

    2.8.     

        ()    
,      .   
 . 
    1.     ,    
 ( SQL). 
    2.       . 
    3.        , 
  (-),  , 
 -    . 
    4.  ,        . 

     2.     45 

       ,     
  .         
  , ,   ,   
     .     
    ,    
         
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  .   ,     
  DB2  IBM. 
         . 

       . 

         ( ,  
,  ,     )     
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  . 

       . 

           ,  
            
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     .    
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     ,    1.3,   
  "" ,      
" ".  ,      
  ,      
 . 

         . 

            
    ,  . 

         . 

           ,   
 ,      
   .     
     . 

    46  I.   

       . 

         .      
    (  ,  ).  
"   " (  ), ..  
  ,    " ".  ,   
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 , , ,      
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  ()     [2.6]. 
     " "  " " [2.4-2.6] 

      . 

    ,          
 . 

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 ,   ,     
         
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. ,    ,      . 

              
 ,  ,     , 
    (   , , 
: "      $500"). 
              
,         
    . 
             . 
           ,    . 

     2.     47 

    2.9.     

           .   
          
  (   ,   
     ,    , 
  ,     ).  ,   ( 
      )    
  .       
      . 
          ,    
     . ,   
     , ,  
 ,       
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 ;          
           
.   , ,       
  .        
  (..       ), 
    . 

    2.10.  / 

              
 ANSI/SPARC    .  ,  . 2.3 
    .       
      .       , 
,       .   
           
 ,       (   
)    (  ), . . 2.4. 
          .      
,   ,  :  ,  
,      ..  ,   
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""         . 
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 . 
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 ,       
    .      
  ,      .  
     . 
    ,   ,      . 
    1. ,  .     
 ,  ()     
,     COBOL,     
,   FOCUS,        - 
    ,      . 

    48  I.   

    ,   (  
 ).       
       , .. 
,        
(           
);  ,      
,  ,     
 . ,     
      ,   
        
.    ,  ,   ,   
(  ,    )  ,  
    . 

      
     
     
      

    . 2.4,  / 

      ,   ,   
  : 
       ; 
      ; 
      -; 
      ; 
       ; 
       ; 
      ; 
        ,  CASE- (CASE  
Computer-Aided Software Engineering     
),  .. 
            ,  
 ,  (  )     
       ,   
         
   (..       
).  ,         
  ,   . 

     2.     49 

        .      
       (  ),  
       .  , 
   .   
,      - 
   ,   ,  
,        . (  , 
      ,   
,   "/"     
,         .  
   ,   .)   
      . 

    2.11.  

       ,      
    .    , 
          
   ,    ;    
     ,    
   .    
     (..   
 )      . 
          ,   
  . 
       ,       
     ,     . 
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     (, " ",  
,    ). 
       ,      
     (    
), ,     - 
      ,  
,    . 
        ,     
  ,    
       -  .. 
       ,       . 
          ,  
.    ,   . 

    2.12.   

       ,  " " ,  
       ,    
       . ( 
" "      ,  
 ,         
     "" .      
"" , ,     .) 
        
    . 

    50	 I,   

            
  .   ,       
          (. 2.5). 

      
      
      

    . 2.5.        

      ,  "/"    
,   . 2.5,        
   .     
    . 
            ,  :   
          
( )   ()  .   
     . 
             , 
     ("  ")    
  . 
           ,   
  ,     , 
  ,       
  . 
                  
 .        
    (. 2.6). 
              
          
.       ; 
,     ,     
    ,       . 
     ,  ,  -

     2,     51 

  ,      ,    
.   ,  ,   , 
         , 
  . ,      
  ,        
 ,  ,        
         (. 2.7);  , 
       . 

      
      
      

    . 2.6.  ,   

        ,    ,  
          
 (   . 2.6).   
, ,   ,    
   ,         
 ,     ,     
     .     
  . 
    1.        ,    
       (..        
    ).        
      .  , 
     ,       
 . 
    2.          
(..           
).         ( 
  ),     ,    
    . 

    52  I.   

    
    . 2.7.         

         ,     
  .         
.     ,  :  
     ,    
 ""  ,     
 ,     ,   
     ,  
  .   "" ,  
       ,   
     ,   
 .       
,       ;    
 ,     . ( 
        .) 

    2.13.  

               
. -,   ANSI/SPARC,    
      :  ,  
    (..  ,   
   

     2.     53 

    );  ,     (.. 
        ); 
 ,       
(    ).    
       (     
 ).       
   ,      . 
    , ..     , 
    ,      
 ,        :  
     .      . 
    .        ,  
           
  ;      "  ". 
             . 
  ,        
(   );      
(     )  
  .        
  ,       
  .       . 
           ,  
  ( )    ().    
       ,  
     .    
  ,      ,    
       ,     
 ,           . 

     

    2.1.      ,    
 ( ANSI/SPARC). 
    2.2.    :   ;  
; ;  ;   ;   
; ; ;  -;  
  ;   ;  ;   
 ;   ;    ; 
     ; ;   ; 
  ; -;  ; 
 ;  ;  
-; . 
    2.3.   ,    
   . 
    2.4.   ,  . 
    2.5.   ,  . 
    2.6.        . 
    2.7.    ,  
,   . 
    2.8.      . 
    2.9.       .  
      ANSI/SPARC,     . 
      ?   

    54	 I.   

      ?       
 (,   )?    
 ?   ?    ?  
 -     ?   ? 
 ,  ,  ?  
?      ?   - 
  ? 

      

            ,   
   ,  ,    . 
    2.1. ANSI/X3/SPARC Study Group on Data Base Management Systems. Interim 
Report // FDT (ACM SIGMOD bulletin).  1975.  7,  2. 
    2.2. T'sichritzis D.C. and Klug A. (eds). The ANSI/X3/SPARC Framework: 
Report of the Study Group on Data Base Management Systems // Information 
Systems.  1978.  3. 
       [2.1, 2.2]    
   ANSI/X3/SPARC Study Group.  ANSI/X3/SPARC 
(  Study Group on Data Base Management Systems)  
  1972   Standards Planning and Requirements 
Committee (SPARC)  American National Standards Institute on Computers 
and Information Processing (ANSI/X3).      
,   -  ( ,  )    
 ,          
 .         ,  
      ,   
     ,  ,   
       .    
       42  
.       ,  
  ,        
 . 
    2.3. Van Griethuysen J.J. (ed.). Concepts and Terminology for the 
Conceptual Schema and the Information Base // Intern. Organization for 
Standardization Document.  1982.  ISO/TC97/SC5-N695. 
    ISO/TC97/SC5         
 (International Standard Organization  ISO).    
  "     ".   
      (,   
)    .      
   ,     
  .      
"--",  " "   
"  ".     
,      ,    
   ,     
 .   ,     
 ,      . 
    2.4. Data Dictionary Systems Working Party of the British Computer 
Society. Report // Data Base (ACM SIGBDP newsletter). - 9,  2; SIGMOD Record 
(ACM SIGMOD bulletin).  1977.  9,  4. 

     2,    	55 

        ;  ,   
  . 
    2.5. Uhrowczik P.P. Data Dictionary/Directories // IBM Sys.  1973.  12, 
 4. 
           .  
     IMS (   
   IBM     ). 
    2.6. Winsberg P. Dictionary Standards: ANSI, ISO, and IBM; and Industry 
Views of the Dictionary Standards Muddle // InfoDB.  1988/89.  3,  4. 
          ;  , 
  ANSI Information Resource Dictionary Systems (IRDS). 
    2.7. Kent W. Data and Reality.  Amsterdam, Netherlands: North-Holland; 
New York, N.Y.: Elsevier Science, 1978. 
          ,  
  .      
    ,     - 
    ,     , 
    . . 

    56	 I.   