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     12.   / 331 

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    332	 III.    

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    334  III.    

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     12.   / 335 

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    336	 III.    

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    APPLICA" PROGRAI	riON                            SY VIMER                  
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     12.   / 337 

            
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    338	 III.    

    STATUS CITY 
        SUPP_PART_PROJ: QTY 
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12.2  . 

     

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     12.   /	339 

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    340	 III.    

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     12.   /	341 

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      . 12.2      ,  
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    342	 III,    

    ,  ,   PGMR,    
EMPLOYEE  PROGRAMMER: 

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    12.6.   

              
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     12.   /	343 

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    344	 III.    

         

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     12.   /	345 

    , :   /,    
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    "" ,   /. 

    346	 III.    

    12.3.      /: 
;  ;  ; ; ;  
; ; ;  ; . 
    12.4.     : 
    )   --,       
 ; 
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 ; 
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  . 
    12.5.   /     
  . 5.3  5. 
    12.6.   /   ,  
   ,  . 10.3  10.   
      . 
    12.7.   /      
  . 10.4  10.      
   . 
    12.8.   /   ,  
  ,  . 11.2  11.     
    . 
    12.9.   /      
  . 11.4  11.      
   . 

      

            ,    
  2,  [2.3, 2.6, 2.7]. 
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(eds.). Data Base Management. Amsterdam, Netherlands: North-Holland; New 
York, N.Y.: Elsevier Science, 1974. 
            . 
          
: " :         
 ,    ,    
   ". 
    12.2. Alien F.W., Loomis M.E.S., Mannino M.V. The Integrated 
Dictionary-Directory System // ACM . Surv.  1982.  14,  2. 
              
  1982 . 
    12.3. Chen P. P.-S. The Entity-Relationship Model  Toward a Unified View 
of Data // ACM TODS.  1976.  1,  1. (: . Stonebraker (ed.) 
Readings in Database Systems.  San Mateo, Calif.: Morgan Kaufmann, 1988.) 
          /.   
   ,        
, ,  ,   ,    
       ,     
. (      
    

     12.   /	347 

     /   ,       
  ,      
[12.4, 12.7]. ,       
    ,      
 .)     . 
        ,     ",  
   ",    " ".  
    ,     ? ,  
  ",     ", 
      ,   "" 
  -,    "".    
,   ,     " 
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           (    
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,      ,   
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 ),        . 
     ,       
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 (  " "    ).  
      --    . 
,   SPD {S#, P#, DATE, QTY},  
       . 
,              
 ,     .     
 (S#, P#, DATE},         
 ,      . 
    12.4. Chen P. P.-S. A Preliminary Framework for Entity-Relationship Models 
// P. P.-S. Chen (ed.). Entity-Relationship Approach to Information Modeling 
and Analysis.  Saugus, Calif, 1981. 
    12.5. Codd E.F. Extending the Database Relational Model to Capture More 
Meaning // ACM TODS.  1979.  4,  4. 
          RM/T.    
    RM/T   /. -, 
  RM/T         
(       ). -, 
     RM/T      
,    /. -,  RM/T  
         
 (       ). 
      RM/T   . 
      ( "")  -  
--,         
. -      ,  
-       . 
           : ,  
       (     RM/T 
   --)        
  .  RM/T    ,  
     .  ,   
      ,  
   . 

    348	 III.    

          RM/T (-  -, 
   ..)    . 
      RM/T       / 
(, , , ),    . 12.1. 
,      ,    
    ,   ,  
    .      
: ,   . 
     .  ,   ,   , 
 "      ".  ,   
,     ,  . 
     .  ,     
" "   .  
     .    
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     .  ,    -- 
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    ,   . 
     : 
      (   )    . 
      ,   (-   )  
 ,     ,     
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--   . 
         .     
,    ,       , 
   ,   . 
               
/ (   )  .  
 " "   /,  
 " ",    "" (   --). 
            ,  
  RM/T    (    
[12.12]),        ( 
   [12.22, 12.23]). 
    12.6. Date C.J. A Practical Approach to Database Design // . J. Date. 
Relational Database: Selected Writings.  Reading, Mass.: Addison-Wesley, 
1986.   ,     RMAT [12.5]. 
    12.7. Date C.J. Entity/Relationship Modeling and the Relational Model // 
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Mass.: Addison-Wesley, 1992.. 
    12.8. Date C.J. Don't Encode Information into Primary Keys! // Ibid. 
        ,    " 
".  ,     [5.6, 5.7],   
    . 
    12.9. Date C.J. A Note on One-to-One Relationships // . J. Date. 
Relational Database Writings 1985-1989.  Reading, Mass.: Addison-Wesley, 1990. 
         --,   
   ,      . 

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edition). Redwood City, Calif: Benjamin/Cummings, 1994. 
              , 
  /. 
    12.11. Fleming .., Von Halle . Handbook of Relational Database Design. 
 Reading, Mass.: Addison-Wesley, 1989. 
             
          
  DB2  IBM  DBC/1012  Teradata ( NCR). 
  ,    , , ,  
 " "     " ", 
    " "      
 " "!       
      ,   [12.6]. 
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Nijssen (ed.). Modelling in Data Base Management Systems.  Amsterdam, 
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(       RM/T).   
 ,     .   
 RM/T  -  -      
,    -     (  
 -).       
 . , ,  ,    
 (   )  ,   " 
",     ,   
 ,  ,        
 --.         
  --    - (   
RM/T).  ,     ,   
-,           
   .  ,    
   ,    
,         
  (,   [ ]  
    ;      
   ).  ,  
    ,     , .. 
      ,   
.  ,    ,  
   . 
    12.13. Hammer M.M., McLeod D. J. The Semantic Data Model: A Modelling 
Mechanism for Database Applications // Proc. 1978 ACM SIGMOD Intern. Conf. on 
Management of Data. Austin, Texas, 1978. 
       (Semantic Data Model  SDM)   
     .     
/,         
      (  )  
  ().       [12.14, 12.16]. 
    12.14. Hammer M., McLeod D. Database Description with SDM: A Semantic 
Database Model // ACM TODS.  1981.  6,  3. .   [12.13]. 

    350	 III.    

    12.15. Hull R., King R. Semantic Database Modeling: Survey, Applications, 
and Research Issues // ACM . Surv.  1987.  19,  3. 
             . 
         
       . 
    12.16. Jagannathan D. et al. SIM: A Database System Based on the Semantic 
Data Model // Proc. 1988 ACM SIGMOD Intern. Conf. on Management of Data.  
Chicago, 111, 1988.        
,    -  [12.13]. 
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, 1982. 
    12.18. Mannila H., Raiha K.-J. The Design of Relational Databases.  
Wokingham, UK: Addison-Wesley, 1992. 
              
       
.  ,   ,      
,      /,     
     .      
 ,       . 
      . 
        . 
       . 
      . 
        . 
        /     . 
      . 
        . 
               
  Design By Example (  ). 
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Design Methodologies: A Comparative Review.  Amsterdam, Netherlands: 
North-Holland; New York, N.Y.: Elsevier Science, 1982. 
      IFIP Working Group 8.1,    13  
         .  
      . 
    12.20. Peckham J., Maryanski F. Semantic Data Models // ACM . Surv.  
1988.  20, 3.    . 
    12.21. Schmid H. A., Swenson J. R. On the Semantics of the Relational Data 
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Jose, Calif., 1975. 
       "  ",  
      /,   
   (,    , 
       ,  
       ,    
 ). 
    12.22. Smith J.M.,  Smith  D.C.P.  Database Abstractions:  Aggregation // 
CACM. 1977. 20, 6. .   [12.23]. 

     12.   /	351 

    12.23. Smith J.M., Smith D.C.P. Database Abstractions: Aggregation and 
Generalization // ACM TODS.  1977.  2,  2. 
    ,    [12.22, 12.23],    
   RM/T [12.5],      . 
    12.24. Storey V.C. Understanding Semantic Relationships // The VLDB 
Journal.  1993.2, 4. 
        ,      
         
,    ;    ,  
        
,  ,    .  
,          
      . 
    12.25. Sundgren . The Infological Approach to Data Bases // J. W. Klimbie 
and K. L. Koffeman (eds.). Data Base Management.  Amsterdam, Netherlands: 
North-Holland; New York, N.Y.: Elsevier Science, 1974. 
    "-" ("infological")    
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