     21 

         / 

    21.1.  

             2,  
:! "...      ,  
     ,   
 -1   ,     
,        
,  j   .   
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 ,    |          
   ,         1 ".      
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     . 
      2     /,  
      .  
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          . 

    21.2.   

       : 
              ,  
  ,  : 
    1)        ; 
    2)   ,      
     ,         . 
      ,    "  "   
    ,     
   ""      (,  
      ).  . 21.1  
    . 
       ,       
 ,   ,    
     (  
   , ,   ..), 
       .  , 
          
,           ( 
 ,      ).  
,         
   ,     . 

    564  V.   

        ( 
   )     
 .        
       , 

    -	 
    - 
    - 

    , 21.1.      

      ,    ,   
,    . 21.1,    , 
    .   ""   
    (      
).         
.          
      ,  
        
   ,         
    .      
      ,     
       .    
, 21.1        . 

    ,         
,    , ..     
      ,     
 .     . 

     21,      / 565 


     

         ?   ,  
     ,   , 
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 ]   , ..    
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        . 21.1,     
 ,  -  -.   
- j   -        
-,   -        
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   -      -  ). 
            ( 
   ), ,    
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 ,     ,   
    .       
  ,    .    
  ,         
      . 

       

             
 .     
-     SDD-1,   
 70-   80-   -   
Computer Corporation of America [21.26];  R* ( "R star"), 
     System R     
80-   IBM [21.30];    Distributed INGRES,  
    INGRES [21.28]     
 80-      . 
       ,       
       
      .   
    INGRES/STAR  Ingres Division  
The ASK Gn Inc.,  ORACLE?  Oracle Corporation,    
^   DB2  IBM. 

    . ,        
      . ,  
        (     
)          
     . 

     ,     ,  ,   
   ,  . ,

    566  V.  

  ,      
,   ,     
      [21.14]. 
        .   
    ,   ,    
     [21.13], 
             , 
  . 
     ,       
   ,       .  
      (  ) 
          
,         . 

    .     ""    
(   ),    
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   . ,    "  
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   ,       
. ( ""        
   [21.13],   " "   
   " " (Rule Zero).     
""         "".) 
    1.  . 
    2.    . 
    3.  . 
    4.   . 
    5.   . 
    6.   . 
    7.   . 
    8.   . 
    9.    , 
    10.    . .   . 12. 
  . 
            ,     
   (      
    ),       
 .         
       
 .          
 .         ,  
        .  
   /,   

     21.      /	567 

       SQL. ,  
    . 
       ,     
  ,       
   (,    /).  
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  ,     ,   
      . ,   
       ,      
,      .   
 , ,     . 
(         
   .)  ,     
,  " "     
   ,         
  . 

    21.3.     

          .  
 ,        , .. 
   X       
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     X,     X   
).      ,    
        . 
,          
,        .  ,  
,      ,   
     . 
           , 
   ,    X   
     Y.     
    ,  :    
    .      
    [21.13]. 

        

       ,     
  . ,     
    ""     
,    ,  
     .  , 
      (   
,     ). ,      
  ,          
       . 
              
. -,     ""   , 
 -,   ,       , 
..          . 

    568	 V.   


      

           ,   
     ,^. 
       ( ,        
 )        
 "  ",    ; ..   
,      ,     
  ,   . 
       ( ,       
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      (   ). 
            
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  . 

       

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(   ). 

       

        ,    
        ,  
"".      , 
      ,     
.        ,  
     . ,   
 ,   . 21.2.  ,    
,   ,     . 21.2. 

     21.      /	569 


    FRAGMENT EMP INTO 
    N_EMP AT SITE 'New York' WHERE DEPT# = 'Dl' OR DEPT# = 'D3', L_EMP AT SITE 
'London' WHERE DEPT# = 'D2' ; 

    . ,      
      , D1  
D3    - (New York), a D2    (London).  
,  -      -,   
     .     
  : N_EMP  L_EMP. 


      

    EMP   EMP#   DEPT#  SALARY 
    E1           D1            40K E2          D1            42K E3           
D2             4          D2            35 5           D3            48 
    I 
    New York		L_EMP			London 
    N_EMP 
    #	DEPT#   SALARY	EMP#		DEPT#	SALARY 
    1 2 5	D1            40K D1            42K D3            48K	E3 E4		D2 
D2	30K 45K 
    
    
    . 21.2.   

            , 
        . 
( . 21.2   .)  ,  
     ,     
       .    
   . 
          ,     
 , ..          
      ,     
  . (        
    ,      
 .    .) 
             (.  10, 11). 
            
     (  )  
 (  ).  ,    
       
(, ). 

    .       
 .    ,    
    ,      
  (#, DEPT#)  (SALARY)   .    
      TID ("tuple ID"  
 ), ..      . 
 TID 

    570  V.   

     ,    
    ,       
   (TID, #, DEPT#)  (TID, SALARY),  
     . 
     ,       
     ,      
  .   ,       
,       [21.14]. 
    ,   ,  ,   ,  
 ,       
 (  ).  ,   
       ,   
   .    ( 
   )  ,   
    .  ,  
       (   
     )      
 ,      
    . 
       ,     
         
   .     
   ,      
      .   
 ,   ,   . 21.2,  
  : 

     WHERE SALARY > 4 OK AND DEPT# =   'Dl' 

              
(    ),        
    -,       
   . 
         .    
     N_EMP  L_EMP: 

     = N_EMP UNION L_EMP 

     ,       : 

    ( N_EMP UNION LJMP  )   WHERE SALARY > 4OK AND DEPTtt =   'Dl' 
      ,   ,     
    ( N_EMP WHERE SALARY > 40 AND DEPT# =   'Dl'   ) 
    ONION ( L_EMP WHERE SALARY > 40K AND DEPTi =   'Dl'   ) 

          L_EMP  
  ,           
 (  DEPT# = 'Dl' AND DEPT# = 'D21    
  ).  ,        
  : 

    HJMP WHERE SALARY > 40K AND DEPT# = ' Dl' 

      ,       
  -. .  ,   
     . 

     WHERE SALARY > 40K 

        ,     
-         

     21,      /	571 

     (,   
           
   ).  ,    
         
.   ,       
       ,     
    ,     . 

       

         ,   
         
 ,  ,     . 
   ,    . 21.3. 

    REPLICATE N_EMP 
    LN_EMP AT SITE 'London' ; 
    REPLICATE L_EMP 
    NL_EMP AT SITE 'New York1 ; 
           NL_EMP  LN_EMP. 
    New York						1 L_EMP			London ======= 
    N_EMP 
    #	DEPT#	SALARY			#	DEPT#	SALARY 
    1 2 5	D1 D1 D3	40K 42K 48K			 4	D2 D2	 35 
    # = =3~ = 4	DEPT#	SALARY			# = ~1= = 2 5	DEPT#	SALARY 
    D2 D2	 35K				D1 D1 D3	40 42 48 
    NL_EMP ( L_EMP) 
    
    
    . 21.3.   

           . -,  
    (    
 ,      ). -, 
      ( 
       ,      
 ).      ,   
   ,      
 .      
,         . 
     ,  ,      
       . 
       ,   ,   " 
 ".  ,  ,    
 ,       
(  ), .. ,      

    572  V.   

 ,     ,      
.    (       
  )  ,   
      . 
 ,            
          
 . 
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     .  
    . 
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       ,   
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     . 

       

          . 
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X         Z ( ..).   
  ,    ,    
       
   .       
  ,    ,  , 
   ]  ,    
 ,    ,   ,    
  ,       
.    ,     
   ,     . 

     21,      /	573 


       

          ,  
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,      ,     
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      ,     
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     , .. ,  
      .   , 
           , 
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,    (      
)   13.        
 . 
       ,    ,  
    ,      . ( 
       
  [14.1],        
    .)     
    . 

        

       - ,    
      .   
      ,  
     IBM, DEC, HP,    
     .       
          
 "  ".  ,   
            
  ,        
   . 

        

        ,      
. ,           
  ,      ,  
   ,       
  . ,       
  MVS,     UNIX  PC/DOS   
       . 

       

           ,    
          
  ,    ,    
    . 

    574	 V.   


       

            
   .      
,            
 ,            
 . ,    INGRES  ORACLE 
    SQL,      
      .  , 
 ,      ,   . 
        .   ,   
           
    ,      .   
,           
.  ,      
   . 
               
  . 

    21.4,    

           . 
   ,    , 
  ,    ..     
     5  10 .   
,          5 
 10 .    [13.11]. (  ,   
       , 
      .)   
       
 , ..       
   .      ,  
 ,       ( 
      ). 
    	 . 
    	 . 
    	 . 
    	 . 
    	 . 

      

        ,     
 ,    ,   .  
,         
,      
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  Ry,      Y,   Rz, 
     Z.    X  
     Q;  , ,  
  Ry   Z,    /   (  , 
     Ry  Rz   X),    
  Ry   Z      Z 
      Z. 

     21,      /	575 

              
[21.12], ,   ,     (Rothnie)  
 (Goodman) [21.25]. 
          ( ): 
    S {	S#,	CITY }	10	000      
     {	#,	COLOR }	100	000      
    SP {	S#,	# }	1 000	000      
    ,       25  (200 ). 
 "      (London)   
(Red) : 
    S.S# WHERE EXISTS SP EXISTS P ( S.CITY = 'London1 AND 
    S.S# = SP.S# AND SP.P# = P.P# AND P.COLOR = 'Red' ) 
       : 
      	=10  ,    
 = 100 000 
         : 
       = 50 000 /  	= ,1  
             
     /-     
7[/']   : 
    T[i] =    + (   /   
) = (   / 10 ) + (   / 50 000) 
    1.             . 
    [1] = 0,1 + (100 000 * 200 ) / 50 000 = =  400  (6,67 ) 
    2.    S  SP         . 
    [2] = 0,2 + ( ( 10 000 + 1 000 000 ) * 200 ) / 50 000 = =  
4 040  (1,12 ) 
    3.    S  SP   ,    
     ,       
  ,      .   
     :   .   
           . 
    [3]   =  20 000    (5,56 ) 
    4.         ,   
,         ,    
    .      
  :   .      
         . 
    [4] =  2  
    5.    S  SP   ,    
     ,     
  S#  #,      .   
   . 
    [5] = 0,1 + ( 100 000 * 200 ) / 50 000 =  400  (6,67 ) 
    6.         ,   
,       .    
  . 
    [6]   = 0,1 +   (  10  * 200  )   / 50 000 =  0,1  

    576  V.   

     . 21.4      . 

    		   
    =^====: 1	     	6, 67  
    2	  S  SP   	1,12  
    3	     ,  	5,56  
       
    4	    ,  	2  
        
    5	        	6, 67  
    6	       	0,1 ( 
    ) 

    . 21.4.     () 

        ,    
 : 
                
   ,        
 . 
              
,       . 
            
-         
. (            
 [21.27].) 
          ,    
      .  ,  
          
 .  ,     
   ,     . 

      

           , 
  , , ,   .., 
    ,     
,   .     :   
    ?     
  . 
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 . 
    2.   .      
 . 
    3.  .       
  ,    .    
    . 
    4.      .     
   (  . 3),  ,    
        (  . 1). 
           .  
 , ,   "   ". 
    ,    
        .  
  

     21.      / 577 

     (  
         
 ).    ,   (  
         
),       "   ". 
            
 !      ,  
  R* [21.30]. 
           R*,   
       .  
     , ,  
            R,  
        
    .       
(, A.R  B.R)    .  
        
  . 
      R*      .    
  , ..  ,     
 (,   SQL),    ,  
      . 
    . 
        . 
        , .. ,     
  . 
      , ..   . 
        , .. ,      
  . 
    ,   

    MARYLIN @ NEWYORK . STATS @ LONDON 

      (,  )    
STATS,   Marilyn    -   
    .     -  
        (   ). 
      ,        
,      : ,  
" "   (STATS   ), 
   ,      
CREATE SYNONYM  SQL,    R*.    
 . 

    CREATE SYNONYM MSTATS TOR MARILYN @ NEWYORK . STATS @ LONDON ; 

          : 

    SELECT ... FROM STATS ... ; SELECT . .. FRCM MSTATS ...; 

       (   )    
         ,  
   ,         
       .     
  ,     System R     
      R* (..   
    R*). 

    578	 V.   

       (  )    
     .   
    ,      
   ,    ,   
     . 
              : 
    1.     ,    . 
    2.      ,      
 . 
    ,       MSTATS.  
         
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     ,     . , 
  ,   -,        
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 2      .  ,  
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    : 
        -. 
        -. 
       ,   -,   
 ,   -. 
           ,     
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    ,      
   ,        
   . 
     ,        DB2 
   ,    ,   
 . 

      

      ,      , 
         
   .   - ,   
,   ,    (, -  
   )    .     
         
,  ,   ( ,   
)  ,         
 .   ,      
   ,      
 .  ,     
 ,    . 

     21.      /	579 

         (      
),    ,  . 
             , 
    . 
              ( 
,    ). 
         ,    
 .        ,  
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 . (     (, 
, ,  .  13)  ,  
,  " "    
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    ,       , 
      .  , ,  
       ,  
     ,    
  -   ()   . 

    .   ,     
,        
    .     
        
    .    
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    ,  .     
   ,    
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  . 
    1.        
       , 
    . 
    2.     (,  )    
      ,   
         
 ,  ,   ,    
          
,     .    
         
"   ".     ,  
     . 

      

          ,    
        ( 
   ).      

    580  V.   

 ,        
   .      
 ,   , ..  
,     , , . 
         . 
    1.    "   " ,  
  (.  13)        
,          
.    ,      
.  ,        
 -,     -. 
    2.     ,    
   -, ,   ,   
     . 
    3.    Y      , 
  X,   Y    , 
  X (,     
).      . 
    4.    , ,  ,    
          
        .  , 
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  ,    ,    
        
      .  
   , ..    - . 
   ,     
,  N.  ,     /V  
  - .       , 
        
 N,      .     
  ,    ,     . 
    5.        ( 13)  
   .     
  ,        . 
,  [21.22]       
,         
         
 .  [21.14]      . 

      

      ,      
,      ,   . 
      ,    
   ( ,   
    ),      
 . , ,  ,    
 ,      .    
   

     21.      /	581 

,     (       
),        
    5 : 
       , 
       , 
       , 
     , 
        . 
    ,     ,  
,      .   
        ,   
    .        
      ,    . 
              
,       .    R 
,     /?,     
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 ,        5  2+3 ( 
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      ).   , 
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       ,   
    [21.14].   ,     
       
       ,    
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           ,   
    ,      . 
 . 21.5     .  X 

      
      
    1   Y 
     Lx 
    "	1   	2 
      
       X  1 
      			  
    	1 -  >	2 
      
       Y    2    Ly 
      
      
    2   X 
     Y 

    . 21.5.    


    582      V.   

    1.   72   X ,    77  
   X. 
    1.     77   X ,    
 77   Y. 
    3.    77    ,    2 
    Y. 
    4.    77   Y ,    
 77   X,  ! 
          ,        
 ,   ,     
.  ,       ,   
        . 
 ,        
 ,       
  . 
      ()     
  ,   R*,   [21.30]. 

    21.5.  

            
  ,  ,      
    .      
 ,        
.    INGRES  ORACLE    
 SQL,  , ,        
   (,    
       SQL).    . 

    .        INGRES  
ORACLE    ,    ,   
      . 

     ,      X  ,    
  INGRES  ORACLE.  ,   
 U   X      , 
      INGRES   X     
ORACLE   Y.   U    INGRES,  
           
 INGRES.  ,      
 INGRES,    ORACLE.     ? 
     ,    .  INGRES   
 ,        
ORACLE ,   ,  "  ORACLE  
 ,     INGRES".      
. 21.6. 
           ,  
          
  . (       
   .) 
           INGRES  
ORACLE.  ,  ,     
  ,     SQL 

     21.      /	583 

    INGRES,      
    ORACLE ( ,    
..)   ,     INGRES. 
      " "   ORACLE ( 
,     SQL,   
       ). 
 ,      
  SQL,     ORACLE.    
  ,       
SQL        ORACLE. 

    s        ^\		INGRES (SQL)	INGRES/ STAR			ORACLE (SQL) 
    ? 		k 
      INGRES			ci=   JNGRESj	  
 INGRES			  ^ORACLE, 

    . 21.6.  ,   INGRES   
   ORACLE 

         INGRES  ORACLE.   
   ,     
 (,     -  
   "word"),    (  
        ), 
      (  ), 
       (    
     )  ..    
   [21.14]. 
       SQL,    INGRES,   
SQL,   ORACLE.  ,     INGRES,    
 ORACLE     SQL,   
   .        
,  ,   . 
     ,     ORACLE (  
 ..),   INGRES. 
      ORACLE   INGRES  ,   
INGRES         ORACLE. 
        (  INGRES)   
 ( ,   INGRES     
  ORACLE).       ,   
,       ORACLE. 
 ,          
  (  )   
   .     
       
"   " (    
  , ..    ). 
        ORACLE,      
  INGRES,   ,   INGRES

    584  V.   

  .   ,      
    ,      ORACLE 
   INGRES  . 
              
 ,   ,      
  . ,       
 IMS    INGRES  ORACLE?    
        ,  
     ,    IMS 
   " ".     ? 
        ,  : "   
   100%", .. "       
           
    ",   ,    
[21.15],    .      
 ,  : "       
  ",    .  
         [21.13-21.15]. 
       ,     
     ,    
    .     
,        .    
        
 ,          
  .    ,   
       ,  
,    . Caveat emptor (   
   ). 

    21.6.   / 

      ,  /    
   . ,  /  
 ,      ,    
,     ,    
,  "      " (..  
    ).    
  . 21.7 (   . 2.5   2). 
             
   /,       
.   ,  ,     
 ,      , 
   .          
     /. 
     ,    2  "/"   
      ,   
     , ..  ,    , 
..        .  
,            
  .     , 
 (  ,    2)  "/"  
    ,      
   .      ,  
     2,        
    . 

     21.      /	585 

     ,        . 
    1.           
(,:   ). 
    2.         .   
    . 
                
, ..          
          ,1 
     .  ,   , 
      . 
               
, ..         , 
     .  ,    
  ,         
 .       ,     
  . 

      
      
      
     ,  ,     
 ("  "),      
   "/ ".     
   . 

    . 21.7.  / 


      / 

      /    . 
-,    /     
    SQL (    SQL/92),  
 CONNECT  DISCONNECT       
/. ,  SQL    
  CONNECT       ( 
        ).   
 , , .. ,    
    SQL, a      . 
       SQL-,     , 
       .    
    .    
    ,        
(      SET CONNECTION)   
   ,       
  .  ,    SQL- 
          
.           
   . 

    586  V.   


    .      (  )  
  , ..  SQL    
        ,    
    ,      .  
,    ,      
   ,       
     .   , 
         . 

    ,  ,    (  
,    ),      
  DISCONNECT (     
DISCONNECT,    CONNECT,     ). 
         SQL,    ISO  
    (Remote Data Access  RDA) [21.1-21.2].  
            
 .   ,   ,    
        
       SQL Access Group (SAG). 

    ,       , 
   ISO  SAG  RDA,      
        RDA. 

       RDA      
    /.   ,  
          SQL ( , 
  SQL/92),      
(    SQL/92).     
      (SQL-,  
 ,  )    . 

    ,       RDA   
  OSI (Open Systems Interconnection    
),           TCP/IP 
  . 

    ,  ,      IBM  
       
(Distributed Relational Database Architecture DRDA) [21.3];   
,    .  RDA  DRDA   
,      DRDA   
 RDA,          IBM. 
,  DRDA      
   SQL,      .   
      ,  
      .  
 ,        
 ,        
     (..    
   ,      ).    
  DRDA      , 
  .     DRDA   
      RDA (    
  ,   DRDA      
 IBM,    RDA    , 
    -  ! 

     21.      /	587 

         RDA  DRDA     
,         
     [21.19, 21.23]. 

      / 

       ,   /   
   .   ,   
/      ,   
     ,        
(        
-   -).   ,    
  -   "   " 
(          
,     ).   -    
   ,       
     /  . 
        / (     
)      .   
         
     ,  :    
      .   
/ (    )  ,  
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,  -       
  . 
            ,  
    .    
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.  ,   ,   
   ,       
  ,       
  -. 

    .         
     /,  ,  
       
 .     . 

               
       ,  
    ,     
   . 
             . 
            ,    
  . (,     
   .) 
             . 
,       ,   
 ,    . 
        ,         
  ,        
    . 

    588	 V.   

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    21.1.      ,  
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    21.1.  ISO DIS 9579-1. Information Processing Systems, Open 
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      DRDA,    IBM,    
   . 
    1.	 . 
    2.	  . 
    3.	  . 
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,      . .  
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.   ,      ,  
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     ( )  
 .        
  ,      -.  
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") . 
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(           
).   ,       
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( ) R       X.   ,  
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,          
,    .       
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     -. 
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    4.   . 
    5.  ,     . 
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 System R).   3     
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    . 
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        : 
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    2.    . 
    3.     . 
    4.   . 
    5.    . 
          ,   
    . 
    21.26. Rothnie J.B. et al. Introduction to a System for Distributed 
Databases (SDD-1) // ACM TODS.  1980.  5,  1. 
     [21.6, 21.7, 21.20, 21.26, 21.31]     
  SDD-1,      
PDP-lOs  DEC,     APRANET.    
    ,   . 
         . 
     .     SDD-1 (. [21.6, 
21.31])      . ( 
""       (Palermo) [18.15].) 
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    594	 V.   

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     21.      /	595 

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INGRES.   Distributed INGRES     
  University INGRES,     
  PDP-lOs  DEC.     
  (   SDD-1  R*),   , 
        .  
   SDD-1  R*,   Distributed INGRES  , 
        , ,  
    ""   ,    
   .     
     .    
     INGRES.    
  [21.16]. 
      Distributed INGRES     
: "" ,     
,       ( 
       
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   (. [21.29]).     
   ,      
   (  ,  
   [21.29, 21.14]). 
      ,   Distributed INGRES   
    ,   ,   
     ,    , 
   .  ,     
    ,    
  ,     ( 
),       . 
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      [21.11, 21.22, 21.27, 21.30]   R*,  
    System R.   R*  
  ,      , 
        .   
         

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     .      
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  (. [21.22, 21.14]). 
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 ,     . 

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