     25 

        -  

    25.1,  

          
- ,   ,   
       .  , 
   ,      ,  
   -  . 
        
-    .  ,   
,  -    . 
,        , 
     .       
   . 
      ,        
  (,      ,  
,        ).  
,       ,    
,       - .  
      ,     
       , 
  -.     
,       "Third 
Generation Database System Manifesto" [25.10],      
,         . 
       ,    
    . ,      
 -  ,      
    [25.4]: 
    "       
 ,    ,     
...      ...   
     ...    
 ,      ". 
       , ,       
   ,   -  
 . 
              , 
      -, 
        ( 
 ad hoc). 

    650	 VI, -  

    ,    ,     
 ,     . 
      ,     
 .1  ,    ( 
     )        
"" ,      , 
   .       ,  
      ,    
  ,  , .    , 
  ,       [25.4]   
  -. 
         ,     
         - 
.        , 
 25-      . 
           
- ,  ,   .  
      . 
     .   , 
     .  ,  . 

    25.2.  "- " 

             
"- ". 
          ,  ,   ,  . 
             ,   
 (   ). 
         (.. )  ,     
  -,   ,  , 
     . 
       .      . 
        . -,     
       ,   
         
 . -,      
 -        
  . -,    
          
      .  , 
     ,    
    . 
        .      22,   
,      ,   
    ,   . 

    1    -    
?          
-  "The Object-Oriented Database System Manifesto" 
[25.1]: "  -     
   , ..   
-       
 ,       
     ". 

     25.  ...	651 

       , ,     (  
""       ""  
"").        
         .   
         
 , 
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       .   (- ),  
, ,   ..,  .    
    . 

    652	 VI. -  

       .  ;     
       . 
        .  -   
       ,    
        ,   
 .  ,   (DELETE RESTRICTED)  
 (DELETE CASCADES) ,     
  (   ,    ). 
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.      "  
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      ). 
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     ,   . 
          () ,   
      (    
   ). 

       

      ,       
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  "  ").  
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       [22.7].  
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 R  . ,      ,  ,  
         
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 .) 
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     ,       . 

     25.  ...	653 

     , ,       
"",   " "  ,    
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 "",  ,    
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,        
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 ). ,   ,   ,  
 ..       ,    
 .   , ,     
       ,  
,     .   
  ",     ". 

    25.3.    

              
    ,      19.  
     . 
        -   
         
  . 
          ,      
    ,     
       
 . 
     ,          !  , 
 ,    ,      
 ,   -      . 
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 19. 
           . 
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   . 
     ,     . 
              . 
       "  ",    . 
             . 
    ,      ,  ,    . 
 ,  (, ,  )   
   , , , , , , 
  ..  ,    ,   . 

    654	 VI. -  


          

       ""     ( 
 22).         : 

    CREATE DOMAIN RECTANGLE REP   (   ...   )   ; 

    ,    (REP)      
    ,    
    ,    
(       ). 
       -    
 (..        
   ): 

    CREATE FUNCTION RECTANGLE 
    ( A FLOAT,  FLOAT,  FLOAT, D FLOAT) 
    RETURNS ( RECTANGLE ) AS BEGIN ; 
    DECLARE R RECTANGLE ; R.X1 := A ; R.X2 :=  ; R.Y1 :=  ; R.Y2 := D ; 
RETURN ( R ) ; END ; 

     ,   R.X1   -  
   R  ..,       
     .  ,    
" " () RECTANGLE    RECTANGLE. 
     ,     ,   
  

    CREATE FUNCTION OVERLAP 
    ( Rl RECTANGLE, R2 RECTANGLE } 
    RETURNS ( BOOLEAN ) AS BEGIN ; 
    . . .  ... ; END ; 

             ,  
  ,     ()  
 ""     . 
       SQL      , 
   : 

    CREATE TABLE RECTANGLES 
    ( RECTID ... , R RECTANGLE ... , ... , UNIQUE ( RECTID ) , UNIQUE ( R ) } ; 

         "  ,  
   "  : 

    SELECT	... 
    FROM	RECTANGLES 
    WHERE	OVERLAP ( R, RECTANGLE (0,1,0,1) ) ; 

     ,   RECTANGLE(0,1, , 1)    
   "-". 

     

         ,   
        
    . ,   
,       (  
).  ,       
  

     25.  ...	655 

     ,     , 
     (   ),   
  .  , ,  RECTANGLE (  
     NEW)   
 ,    (   ). 
         "", ""  "", 
     : 
        , 
         .      
        . 
       ""  
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  . 
            ,   
 .         
       . , 
            
          
(     ). . 
     , ,     
     () ,    
 . 
       ,     
           
  .        
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      . 
           
( ). 

    25.4,    

          ,    
         
  . (        , 
    , ..   ,  
   "   "     ,  
  .        
 [4.12]   : "      " 
 "      ".     , 
       .)    
 ,        . 
      ,      
   ,    22. 

    CREATE OBJECT CLASS EMP PUBLIC   (   EMPff     CHAR, 
    ENAME CHAR, 
    SAL      NUMERIC  )    ...   ; 

         (SQL)   : 

    CREATE TABLE EMP { # CHAR, 
    ENAME; CHAR, 
    SAL     NUMERIC )  ... ; 

    ,      !    
    ,    Iris [25.3, 25.7], 
POSTGRES [25.13-25.16], UniSQL [25.11]  ,   UniSQL, ,  

    656	 VI. -  

       SQL   SQL/X,   
    (     
 SQL/X [25.11]).       
CREATE TABLE,    SQL: 

    CREATE TABLE EMP 
    ( EMP#     CHAR(5), ENAME    CHAR(20), SAL      NUMERIC, HOBBY    
CHAR(20), WORKS_FOR CHAR (20) } ; 

          . 
    1.     SQL/X       PRIMARY 
KEY  FOREIGN KEY.  ,      
   CREATE TABLE     
 CREATE OBJECT CLASS,    SQL/X    
  TABLE   CREATE TABLE   CLASS.  
      ,     
       . 
    2.     SQL/X    . ,  
  " =  "     
.   , , - ,    
        , 
 ,   ,      ,    
       SQL. 
      ,    ,  , 
    SQL/X      
.  , ,     CREATE 
TABLE ,   (. 25.1). 

     
    #	ENAME	SAL	HOBBY		WORKS TOR 
    
    NAME | TEAM |		NAME	LOCATION 
    
    | CITY | STATE | 
    
    
    
    
    . 25.1.    ,    
 SQL/X 

    CREATE TABLE EMP 
    ( #     CHAR(5), ENAME    CHAR(20), SAL      NUMERIC, HOBBY    
ACTIVITY, WORKS_FOR COMPANY ) ; 
    CREATE TABLE ACTIVITY ( NAME CHAR(20), TEAM INTEGER ) ; 
    CREATE TABLE COMPANY 
    ( NAME    CHAR(20), LOCATION CITYSTATE ) 
    CREATE TABLE CITYSTATE ( CITY CHAR(20), STATE CHAR(2) ) ; 


     25.  ... 657 

    : 
        HOBBY ()      ACTIVITY 
(), ,   ,  ,    
  NAME ()  TEAM (),  TEAM   
   ; , ""    
: (, 11),   HOBBY     
 , ..   NAME    TEAM. 
(,    ,       
 ACTIVITY.)  ,   HOBBY   
(  ,   . 25.1).  , " 
"  EMP.HOBBY.NAME  (   ). 
      ,   WORKS_FOR ( )     
 COMPANY (), ,   ,  ,  
  ,     ( CITYSTATE (, ))  
      .. 
     ,  ACTIVITY, COMPANY  CITYSTATE   
 ,    (  ,  ,    ). 
 ,    SQL/X,  ,  
     (   
   SQL/X). 
        ,   
. ,      ,   
  (. 25.2). 


     
    #	ENAME	SAL		BBIES			WO	RKS FOR 
    
    NAME	TEAM			NAME	LO	CATION ' 
    CITY | STATE | 
    
    
    , 25.2.   ,   ,  
   SQL/X 

    CREATE TABLE  
    ( #     CHAR(S), ENAME    CHAR{20), SAL      NUMERIC, HOBBIES  SET OF ( 
ACTIVITY ), WORKS_FOR COMPANY ) ; 

    : 
          HOBBIES      
        (NAME, 
TEAM)  ACTIVITY.   ,  ,  
    "" , ,  , 
     . . 
""  ,     SQL/X, 
 ,   . 

    658  VI, -  

            
   : 

    CREATE TABLE EMP 
    ( #     CHAR(5) , 
    ENAME    CHAR(20) , 
    SAL      NUMERIC, 
    HOBBIES  SET OF ( ACTIVITY ), 
    WORKS_FOR COMPANY ) METHOD RETIREMENT_BENEFITS ( ) : NUMERIC ; 

    : 
          RETIREMENTJBENEFITS   (), 
           
  NUMERIC. .     , 
    (    )  
      . 
       ,      ,      
  SQL/X      . (  
        CREATE TABLE.    
,      ,    
  .) 
               CALL. 
    CALL  (____)   ON  INTO 
 ; 
       ,       F  ,  
     ,   
      F. 

    CALL RETIREMENT_BENEFITS   (   )   ON  INTO F ; 

       ,  ,  ,  RETIREMENT_BENEFITS  
 " ".      SQL/X  
  (         ). 
    ,                        
  (. 25.3). 

    PERSON 
    SS# 
    BIRTHDATE 
    ADDRESS 
     
     
    #	ENAME	SAL	HOBBIES				WORKS TOR 
    
    
    NAME	TEAM			NAME	LOCATION 
    
    
    CITY	STATE 
    
    
    . 25.3.    ,    
 SQL/X 

    CREATE TABLE PERSON 
    ( SS#      CHAR(9), BIRTHDATE DATE, ADDRESS  CHAR(50) ) ; 
    CREATE TABLE EMP 

     25.  ... 659 

    AS SUBCLASS OF' PERSON ( EMP#     CHAR(5), ENAME    CHAR(20), SAL      
NUMERIC, HOBBIES  SET OF { ACTIVITY ), WOKKS_FOR COMPANY ) METHOD 
RETIREMENT_BENEFITS ( ) : NUMERIC ; 
    '. 
          (SS#, BIRTHDATE, ADDRESS), 
    PERSON.   PERSON  - 
,     . 
        ,   , 
  ,     . 
      (, .WORKS_FOR.LOCATION.STATE),   
   . 

    SELECT ENAME,   WORKS_FOR. NAME 
    FRCM      EMP 
    WHERE WORKS_FOR.LOCATION.STATE = 'CA' ; 

     ,        
 . 
       ,     
   (, EMP.HOBBIES.NAME). 

    SELECT ENAME, WORKS_FOR.NAME 
    FRCM  EMP 
    WHERE  { 'Soccer', 'Bridge' } SUBSETEQ HOBBIES.NAME ; 

     SUBSETEQ  "   ",  
   . 
          . 
          WHERE,   
      . 

    (   'EOOl',   'Smith',   $50000, 
    {   (   'Soccer',   11  ),   (   'Bridge',   4  )     }, 
    (   'IBM',    (   'San Jose',   'CA'   )   )   ) 

       SUBSET, SUBSETEQ, SETEQ  .. (  
  ). 
        . 

    SELECT SS#,   ENAME FROM      EMP ; 

       "FRCM f      
  ,  ,    ( 
)   .  ,    "FRCM ALL f 
       ,  , 
   ( )   , 

    SELECT SS#, BIRTHDATE, ENAME FRCM  ALL PERSON ; 

    .   ,        
  ALL PERSON,   ? 

         WHERE    
 (       ). 

    660	 VI. -  


          (  )   
   . 

    UPDATE EMP 
    SET   HOBBIES = HOBBIES - { 'Soccer', 11 } 
    WHERE ENAME = 'Smith' ; 

    (         
,    6.) 
         .  , 
   ,        
      SQL/X. ,    
   ,       . 
  SQL/X      . 
    1.  ,      
- . (    
 ,  - ,    4  5,   
   " "  RVA-, .. , 
   ).      
   SQL-,     ,  
  SQL-. 

    .      ,   
, ,    ,     
  . 

    2.  "" SQL/X    ( ,   
),   " "  . 
(  ,       ,  .) 
    3.   , ,       
-        
 , ""   SQL/X    
     .  ,  " 
= "   . 
    4.   ,        

    ENAME CHAR(20) 

     

    WORKS_FOR COMPANY. 

      CHAR(20)     (..   
,   , ),    
 ,     ENAME.   COMPANY, ,  
          
   WORKS_FOR (, ,    
,    COMPANY).      
 "", ""  "",     
.        . 
    5.     SQL/X  (  )   , 
..    .     
      (),  
   .    ,   
COMPANY. ,       , 
   NAME  COMPANY.     
          . 

     25.  ...	661 

        , 
                
     COMPANY,       
   COMPANY?    ,    
COMPANY   WORKS_FOR     ,  
     INSERT    .  
   ,    INSERT   
,         " 
" COMPANY.NAME (        
 ),      COMPANY.  ,  
      COMPANY    
 ,    ,       
    COMPANY     
INSERT   , 
     ,    COMPANY    
  DELETE RESTRICTED (..    
,      - ). ,  
        ,  , , 
  DELETE  SQL       
/.    ? 
             
  (DELETE CASCADES),       
DELETE NULLIFIES. 
        DELETE    ,  
 COMPANY  ,         . 
        ,         
      ,  , 
     .    ,  
  ,      . 
    ,     . 
    6.        : 

     (#, SAL, WORKS_FOR (NAME, LOCATION (CITY, STATE) ) ) 

              
 (SAL)   (CITY),     ,  
     ?      

    (  SAL,    (   (  CITY  )   )   ) 

       

    (  SAL,   CITY  )? 

         , 25.4, 
            (   . 
25.4 ),      ,    
  CITY?      ,   
   , ,   ,   
  CITY? . ,      
 LOCATION.CITY  WORKS_FOR.LOCATION.CITY .  ,  
            
 CREATE TABLE. 

    662	 VI, -  

            (   . 
25.4 ),       ,    
     " "      
        ? 
 ,        ? 
    
    
    SAL	99	9979999			SAL         CITY 
    $50000   Rome 
    999999 
    
    
    $50000 
    
    
    . 25.4.     ? 

     ,  ,       
 (SAL, ( (CITY) )), ,     
      CITYSTATE, ..    

    CITY =   (   (  CITY  )   )? 

     ,       . 25.4   
         
(       ,   
  ). 
          :  
     ,    
   ;      
    ,     
  .  , ,    
,   .      
  . 
    7.           
, ,     .     
 ,   ? 
            ,   
RETIREMENT_BENEF1TS,       . 
     ,   ,   
  ,     .    
   .   ,    
       , ..  
   ,        . ( 
  ,        ,   
  ,     ,    
 ,      ,    
 .) 
     ,          
     . (,   ,  
.   SQL/X   ,  
  " ".     


     25.  ... 663 

,      .)    
   ,   . 
    8.        . ,  
   R,       
  .   ,    6, 
           R.  
,   ""  !     
  R,       .    
        R,    
      .       ? 
    9.   ,  ,   SQL/X    
  SQL.      
    (..  
 " =  "  " =  "). 
    25.5.       
-  
              
  -  (.. ,   
        
     ). 
     ,      ,    
      [3.2].  , 
    , ..  
-     "" 
(      )  . 
        - ,  
  . 
         ().    
     .    
         
,     . 
              .  
   - . 
         .    ,  
   19,      
    (    ). 
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 ,   . (     
   SQL/X    ,     
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   "  ,     20 
".           
  , ,  ,    
 .        
   ,      20 .    
 -      
   " ",     
   . 

    664	 VI, -  


    .           
 - ,      
(     21).     
      ,   
-   . 

        .    
  (),       
     ,     
, , ,  . 
      ,      .  
   22, , ..  ,    
,      , 
      - 
 (   ). 
     .       
      (,  SQL). 
     ,   ,    
-    ,     
.  ,       
    . 
    	 . 
    	  (..        
	   ,       
 ). 
    	     . 
    	,    . 
    	 . 
    	  . 
    	 ,    . 
    	"  " (   ..). 
    	 . 
     ,      . 
               . 
      ""  (,     ), 
  - ,   . 
            (   
,     ). 
             "" 
 ,    /. 
          . 

    25.6.  

        (   )    
.  , -    
 , : 
          (   ). 

     25.  ...	665 

        (,   ). 
             
  . 
           . 
            ( 
 ), 
    	  . 
    	    . 
    	   . 
              
,  - .    
    ,     
 :  " =  " ,   
" =  " . 

      

        ,      
 19, 22-24. 
    25.1. Atkinson M. et al. The Object-Oriented Database System Manifesto // 
Proc. First Intern. Conf. on Deductive and Object-Oriented Databases.  Kyoto, 
Japan, 1989; New York, N.Y.: Elsevier Science, 1990. 
            
"- ".      [25.10]. 
    25.2. Bancilhon F. A Logic-Programming/Object-Oriented Cocktail // ACM 
SIGMOD.  1986.  15,  3. 
      : "- ...   
      ,  ,  
        
 .      
    ...   
,   -.     
    ". 
    25.3. Beech D. A Foundation for Evolution from Relational to Object 
Databases // Schmidt, Ceri, Missikof. Extending Database Technology.  New 
York, N.Y.: Springer-Verlag, 1988. 
        ,      
 SQL    " SQL" (object SQL  OSQL). 
       [25.7].     
         ,   
  ,  ,     
   " = ".    
     " "  SQL.  
   CREATE FUNCTION   OSQL,   [25.7]. 

    CREATE FUNCTION RaiseAllSalaries (Integer incr) AS UPDATE Salary(e) = newsal 

    666	 VI, -  

    FOR EACH Employee e, Integer newsal WHERE newsal = Salary(e) + incr ; 
     ,         SQL: 
    CREATE FUNCTION RaiseAllSalaries (Integer incr) AS UPDATE Employee SET 
Salary = Salary + incr ; 
           SQL/X,  ()   . 
    .     OSQL  , ,  
  - ,  (.. )    
  . 
    25.4. Cattell R.G.G. What Are Next-Generation DB Systems? // CACM.  
1991. 34,  10. 
    25.5. Goodman N. Object Oriented Database Systems // InfoDB.  1989.  4, 
 3. 
        : "      
   - .   
  : ,   ,   ,   
      ". 
         : "   , 
 ,       , 
           
  . - , , 
  (       ),    
  ,      ,  
  ,    ,   
  .  ,     
-      , 
     ." 
               
 ,           
   .      
-      "  
".     24,     , 
 -       
     . 
    25.6. Kifer M., Kirn W., Sagiv Y. Querying Object-Oriented Databases // 
Proc. ACM Intern. Conf. on Management of Data.  San Diego, Calif, 1992. 
         "   SQL"   XSQL. 
    25.7. Lyngbaek P. et al. OSQL: A Language for Object Databases // 
Technical Report HPL-DTD-91-4.  Hewlett-Packard Company, 1991. 
    .   [25.3]. 
    25.8. Shaw G.M., Zdonik S.B. A Query Algebra for Object-Oriented Databases 
// Proc. 6th Intern. Conf. on Data Engineering. 1990. (   
  : Technical Report TR CS-89-19, Dept. of Computer 
Science.  Providence, R.I.: Brown University, 1989.) 
            ,  " 
- "   - 

     25.  ...	667 

  .  ,     
        
     .    
  ,         
,        
 .    , ,    
  ,      
  .       -. 
    25.9. Shipman D.W. The Functional Data Model and the Data Language DAPLEX 
// ACM TODS.  1981.  6,  I. (: . Stonebraker (ed.). Readings in 
Database Systems,  San Mateo, Calif: Morgan Kaufmann, 1988.) 
        ,     
  ,       
 DAPLEX.     , 
  - , ,  ,  
  (   ),    
   (,   ,      
 ..).  , ,   ""     
         
. ,      .  
        
,    ,     
"  ".   ,     
,   - ,   
  ,         . 
    25.10. Stonebraker M. et al. Third Generation Database System Manifesto // 
ACM SIGMOD. 1990.  19,  3. 
         [25.1], : " 
          
    ,       
   ".    ,  
,  (   ),  
  "  ". 
    1.      ,     
   . 
         . 
     . 
       . 
            
(         
 ). 
      (,  ),     . 
    2.     . 
             . 
          ( 
 ,     ,  
,   ). 

    668	 VI. -  

      . 
     ,   ..,   . 3.   
  . 
       . 
       SQL. 
         ,     
     . 
        ,   SQL  " " 
      - , 
         . 
              
      . 
    25.11. UniSQL Inc. UniSQL/X Database Management System User's Manual: 
Release 1.2. 1991. 
         (UniSQL/X)   
  .  ,    UniSQL/X  
      SQL,    
- ,      
  -        
UniSQL.       . 
      UniSQL   (" ").   
  , ..        
().  ,     ""  " 
"    ,      
.      "  " 
   SQL,  ,     . 
      UniSQL    , ..   
   : ,   .. 
       ,    
 ,          . 
      UniSQL    SQL/X    
    .  ,     
 ,      SQL/X    
.        . 
      UniSQL    ,   
       SQL, a  
()  ,     . 
           . 
     ,         
CREATE CLUSTER,  ,      
-        
,         
 . 

     25.  ...	669 

    25.12. Zaniolo . The Database Language GEM // Proc. 1983 ACM SIGMOD 
Intern, Conf. on Management of Data. San Jose, Calif., 1983. (: . 
Stonebraker. Readings in Database Systems.  San Mateo, Calif: Morgan 
Kaufmann, 1988.) 
     GEM (General Entity Manipulator)    
QUEL,    ,      
 (..   ,    ),  
    (,     
    SALARY,      
    HOURLY_WAGE     
OVERTIME).  ,     - 
  ,        ( 
   ,     ). 
          
   (        
   ). ,  
.DEPT.BUDGET        ,  
    .   ,  
POSTGRES [25.13-25.16]  UniSQL [25.11],      
,     . 

      

           , 
       ( - 
)  , ..    
 ( "  ")   
 ,     ,  
,     ..     
 POSTGRES,       ,  
 Starburst,    IBM.     
   .  ,        
     ,     
" =  ",    . 
    25.13. Stonebraker ., Rowe L.A. The Design of POSTGRES // Proc. ACM 
SIGMOD Intern. Conf. on Management of Data.  Washington, D.C., 1986. 
           POSTGRES. 
    1.      . 
    2.      ,    . 
    3.       (  ), 
    . 
    4.         . 
    5.        , 
         
 . 
    6.        (  , 
  ). 
    25.14. Stonebraker . The Design of the POSTGRES Storage System // Proc. 
13th Intern. Conf. on Very Large Data Bases.  Brighton, England, 1987. 
    25.15. Rowe L.A., Stonebraker M.R. The POSTGRES Data Model // Ibid. 

    670	 VI. -  

    25.16. Stonebraker M., Kemnitz G. The POSTGRES Next Generation Database 
Management System // CACM.  1991.  34,  10. 
    25.17. Lindsay ., McPherson J., Pirahesh H. A Data Management Extension 
Architecture // Proc. ACM SIGMOD Intern. Conf. on Management of Data.  San 
Francisco, Calif., 1987. 
          Starburst,  
"      ".   
  :       
  ,        
   .  "     
  ,     
     ".     [25.18]. 
    25.18. Haas L.M., Freytag J.C., Lohman G.M., Pirahesh H. Extensible Query 
Processing in Starburst // Proc. ACM SIGMOD Intern. Conf. on Management of 
Data.  Portland, Ore., 1989. 
          Starburst [25.17]: " 
Starburst      ,   
   ,   ,    
  ".         
Core  Corona,    RSS  RDS  
 System R [8.12-8.16].   Core   
,   [25.17],    Corona    
Hydrogen,     SQL.     
    SQL,    System R,  
 ,        
.       
 , ..    Hydrogen,  
    ^   
,     (.   18).     
  [18.44]. 
    25.19. Lohman G.M. et al. Extensions to Starburst: Objects, Types, 
Functions and Rules //CACM. 1991. 34,  10. 

     25.  ,..	671 

