^      V '         S'   '           -S-                     I?       - ^"             ,1

^ <^    " <^      <^           <^   ^       ^

-rwxrwxr-x 3 alex pubs 2048 Aug 12 13:15 memo

. 6.12. ,   Is -1

          : 
  , a w   .     -
,       ,      .

        
,        ( ).   
  letter. 0610       ,   
    ,      .    -
     ,     
,   - , , .  check spell
   ,      
. (,        .)

chmod:   

   ,       , 
     .     ,    
      chmod ("change mode"   ).  -
   chmod  (+)      (rw)   ()
:

$ chmod a+rw letter.0610

$ Is -1 letter.0610

-rw-rw-rw- 1 alex pubs   3355 May 2 10:52 letter.0610

       .  -
   (ASCII-,   ), 
  ,        
   .       -
     .  ()
    ;   .    ( -
)      .

    chmod  (-)      ()
  ,  ()   ()   , 
  ( pubs):

$ chmod o-rx check spell
$ Is -1 check_spell

-rwxr-x- 2 alex pubs     852 May 5 14:03 check_spell

   ( )   ( ),    chmod  -
 q ( )   ( ,    -
 ,           
 ).

208                                               II.   Red Hat Linux