     info  ,    -
     .  Is -1    ,
        financial (    
 ,    ).        newfile, -
    cat (.  "  -
"  7).          info,    -
    :

$ Is -Id /home/alex/info

drwx---r-x   2 alex     pubs         512 Aug 21 09:31 /home/alex/info
$ Is -1
total 10

-rw-------   1 alex     pubs          34 Aug 21 09:31 financial

-rw-rr   1 alex     pubs          21 Aug 21 09:31 memo.l

-rw-rr--   1 alex     pubs          21 Aug 21 09:32 memo.2

-rw-r--r~   1 alex     pubs          30 Aug 21 09:32 notes

-rw-r--r--   1 alex     pubs          32 Aug 21 09:32 summary

$ cat financial

cat: financial: Permission denied      (  )

$ cat > newfile

bash: newfile: Permission denied       (  )



 (link)     .       
vi, cp       .    
     .        
     ,    .

     ,    
    ,     -
 - .     ,  -
        .

       , -
           . ( , 
       ,  -
     ,  / .)  
       ,    -
       .

           -
.          
,      . , 
       . 6.2,      
 to_do ("to do"   )     
correspond   personal, memos  business. ,     
,   ,       to do  -
 correspond         .  -
  to_do   memos   memos   to_do.   
  . 6.13.

 6.   Linux                                               211