.         -
 - ,    .

         (login,
ftp   ).        -
          
,   RSA, DCE, Kerberos  -.

       su       -
  (   ,   ,   ,
   )     
         , -
 .

 ,    /etc/pam.d,  -
    .     , -
       . , -
   login    /etc/pam.d/login.  
   3 ,    .   
   .        /etc/pam.d -
   .

    .   
     .   ,  -
    .      ,  
       , 
          
.       .  -
  ,       ,    -
         .

      ,    
/var/log/messages  /var/log/secure.   ,   ,
      ,  .     -
   ,    
  ,    .

 

. /usr/share/doc/pam-*/html/index.html

Web. www.kernel.org/pub/linux/libs/pam/Linux-PAM-html/pam.html ( -
  -)

HOWTO. User Authentication HOWTO (HOWTO   )

3      /etc/services  .      -
 ,     ;     
         .  
   .

 11.  :                     439