  

       ,  ,  
 -      .   
     ,   w  uptime 
1.0.        ps -ef.   -
      top.    -
 ps -ef        TIME. ,  
  Netscape,     TIME    100.0,  
, ,  .        ,
    Java-      -
 .    STIME,   .   
,     ,      .

        ,    
,    (.  "kill:   "  11) 
,   .     -
  ,   GNOME  KDE,   
.      startkde, gnome-session  
  ,   wm.    
 ,  ,       
 .      ,  -
   -.       /etc/Xll/X. 
   ,    ,  , -
     kill -1 -1    kill -TERM
-1.   -1 ()    
 kill,       ,  
. ,   root    :

# su jenny - 'kill -TERM -

        (  TERM 
 ),    KILL.   
    ,  :

# su jenny - 'kill -KILL -

(   su jenny -,      .)

Isof:   

 Isof   "Is open files" (Is  ):  -
   .      
,        -
   (      -
,    ,  Isof    ).   -
     ps -ef   :

# Isof -sp pid

 pid   ,  Isof  
  ,   pid.  -s    -

 16.                                           559