   ASCII   .   
   ,      .   
 .

ASCII terminal (ASCII-).  .   
.

ASP.    (Application Service Provider). , -
   Internet.

asynchronous event ( ). ,     -
   .    Linux :   
   ,       -
 .

attachment (). ,    ,   
 .     (    
Internet),    ,      ,
       .

authentication ().     .  
   ,      ,
    .      
Linux   /etc/passwd  /etc/shadow,  LDAP, Kerberos 
SMB^01-^

automatic mounting ( ).    -
          /etc/fstab.
  .

avoided (). , , ,     
 , , .

back door ( ).   ,   
    .      -
: ,      -
  ,     -
      -.

 1973    (Ken Thompson),       -
  ,      UNIX, , -
     .    , -
   login    , 
   .       
  ,         .

           
  .      -
 ;    ,    , -
     .     -
      login ,   -
, , , ,        
 .    ,      -
  :   ,      
  ,   -    .  -

                       v    - FFil "'

 ,   '~"~

background process ( ). ,     -
.    .    -
 ,     (&).   -
  ,      .

964                                                         VII. 